مسرد بيئي P

لم تعد النسخة القابلة للطباعة مدعومة وقد تحتوي على أخطاء في العرض. يرجى تحديث علامات متصفحك المرجعية واستخدام وظيفة الطباعة الافتراضية في متصفحك بدلا منها.

المعجم البيئي مشروع قيد العمل يحتاج ترجمة وإضافات

A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z

P&ID Piping and instrumentation diagram.
P&Ps Practices and procedures.
P2 Pollution prevention.
P2Rx Pollution Prevention Resource Exchange; a coordinated effort of nine regional pollution prevention resource centers funded by the U.S. EPA.
PAC Valve positioner and controller by F.B. Leopold Co., Inc.
PAC See “powdered activated carbon (PAC).”
Pace® Oil/water separator by Scienco/FAST Systems.
Pacer II™ Package water treatment plant by Roberts Filter Group.
Pacesetter Liquid/liquid gravity separator by Baker Hughes Process Systems.
Paci.c Decadal Oscillation (PDO) A warming/cooling pattern occurring in the Paci.c Ocean which affects world weather patterns.
Paci.c Flush Tank Former digestion equipment manufacturer acquired by USFilter/Envirex.
package plant Factory-assembled treatment plant generally incorporated in a single tank, or at most, several tanks.
packed bed scrubber An air pollution control device in which emissions pass through alkaline water to neutralize hydrogen chloride gas.
packed column A vertical vessel .lled with packing material usually used to strip gases or degasify liquids.
packing The .ll material in a .xed .lm reactor or stripping vessel that provides a large surface area per unit volume.
PACl Polyaluminum chloride.
Pacpuri® Sodium hypochlorite generation system by USFilter/Electrocatalytic.
PACT® Powdered-activated carbon wastewater treatment process by USFilter/Zimpro.
Pactank™ Portable spill containment system by PacTec, Inc.
Paddle Dryer Sludge dryer by Komline-Sanderson Engineering Corp.
paddle .occulator A .occulation device utilizing rotating baf.es to accomplish mixing.
PADRE® Moving bed resin adsorption system for VOC removal/recovery by Thermatrix, Inc.
PAH See “polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).”
paint .lter test Test to determine free water content of sludge sample.
PakTOR Multi-cell packed bed reactor by USFilter/General Filter.
palatable water Water at a desirable temperature that is free from objectionable tastes, odors, colors, and turbidity.
P-alkalinity See “phenolphthalein alkalinity.”
PallSep™ Vibrating membrane .ltration by Pall Corp.
Palmer-Bowlus Flume A portable, venturi-type .ume used to measure water or wastewater .ow.

PAN See “peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN).”
pandemic A worldwide epidemic.
PAPR Powered air-purifying respirator.
Para Cone Internally fed rotary .ne screen by Andritz-Ruthner, Inc. (Western Hemisphere) and USFilter/Contra-Shear.
Para.ash Forced circulation evaporator by APV Crepaco, Inc.
Para.ow Plate heat exchanger by APV Crepaco, Inc.
Paramax Speed reducer product line by Sumitomo Machinery Corp.
paraquat A herbicide resistant to microbial degradation that has been used to control marijuana and whose exposure can result in serious health effects or death.
parasite An organism that lives either on or inside a larger host organism and where the presence of the parasite is usually harmful to the host organism.
parasitic bacteria Bacteria that require a living host organism.
Para-Stat Static screen by Dontech, Inc.
Paravap High solids evaporator by APV Crepaco, Inc.
parenteral solution A solution introduced into the body by a vein, muscle, or pathway other than the mouth.
Parkwood Sewage treatment equipment product line by Longwood Engineering Co., Ltd.
Parshall .ume A .xed, venturi-type .ume used to measure water or wastewater .ow.
parthenogenic Capable of reproduction by means of an unfertilized egg.
partial closure The closure of a hazardous waste management unit at a facility that contains other active hazardous waste management units.
partial pressure The pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture proportional to the amount of that gas in the mixture.
particle counter Instrument used to measure the size and count the number of particles in water.
particle counting A quantitative measurement of the number and size of individual particles in a water or wastewater sample.
particle size analysis Determination of the amounts of different particle sizes in a sample.
particulate Usually considered to be a solid particle larger than one micron or large enough to be removed by .ltration.
particulate organic carbon (POC) The portion of organic matter that can be removed by .ltration through a 0.45 micron .lter.
particulate organic matter (POM) Material of plant or animal origin suspended in water and usually capable of being removed by .ltration.
Partisol® Air sampler by Rupprecht & Patashnick Co. Inc.
parts per million (ppm) A common unit of measure used to express the number of parts of a substance contained within a million parts of a liquid, solid, or gas. Generally interchangeable with “milligrams per liter” in dilute solutions and water treatment calculations.
parts per thousand (ppt) A unit of measure used to express the number of parts of a substance contained within a thousand parts of a liquid, solid, or gas.

Generally used to specify a water’s salinity and commonly indicated by the
symbol “0/00.”
PASS® Poly-aluminum-silicate-sulfate coagulant by Eaglebrook, Inc.
Passavant Wastewater treatment equipment product line by USFilter/Zimpro.
PASS-C® Poly-aluminum-chloride coagulant by Eaglebrook, Inc.
passivation The changing of a chemically active surface of a metal to a much less reactive state. Usually done to stainless steel by immersion in an acid bath.
passive screen Intake screening device that does not employ mechanical cleaning.
passive solar heating A heating system that provides heat directly from the sun’s rays and does not employ pumps, blowers, or water-.lled pipes to transfer heat.
Pastel UV® Former name of InSpectra UV analyzer by Azur Enviromental.
pasteurization A process for killing pathogenic organisms by applying heat for a speci.c period of time.
pathogen Highly infectious disease-producing microbes commonly found in sanitary wastewater.
Pathwinder® Screenings conveyor by Serpentix Conveyor Corp.
Patriot Fluid recovery treatment system for spent coolant and oils by Waterlink Biological Systems.
PATS Pesticide action tracking system.
Paygro In-vessel composting system by Fair.eld Service Co.
PC See “physical-chemical treatment (PC).”
PCB See “polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB).”
PCC Process Combustion Corp.
PCE See “perchloroethylene (PCE, also PERC).”
PCI Patterson Candy International, Ltd.
pCi See “picocurie (pCi).”
PCM Phase contrast microscopy.
PCP Progressing cavity pump.
PCV See “positive crankcase ventilation (PCV).”
PD Positive displacement.
PD Plus® Heavy duty blower by Tuthill Pneumatics Group.
PDC™ Polymer dosage control system by Andritz-Ruthner, Inc.
PDM® Water storage tank product line by Pitt-Des Moines, Inc.
PDO See “Paci.c Decadal Oscillation (PDO).”
PE (1) Professional engineer. (2) See “population equivalent (PE).”
Peabody Floway Former name of Floway Pumps, Inc.
Peabody TecTank Bolted steel storage tank by A.O. Smith Engineered Storage Products.
Peabody Welles Former manufacturer whose product lines were acquired by USFilter/Aerator Products.
peak .ow Excessive .ows experienced during hours of high demand, usually determined to be the highest 2-hour .ow expected to be encountered under any operational conditions.
peaking factor The ratio of peak to average .ow.
Pearlcomb® Fine bubble diffuser by USFilter/Diffused Air Products Group.
Pearth Anaerobic digester gas mixing system by USFilter/Envirex.

peat Material formed by partial decay of marsh vegetation with a moisture content greater than 75%.
pebble lime See “quicklime.”
PEF See “primary ef.uent .ltration (PEF).”
PEL See “permissible exposure limit (PEL).”
pelagic Referring to the open sea at all depths.
Pelican Wall-mounted clari.er scum removal system by NSW Corp. and Copa Group (U.K.).
Pelldry Liquid-absorbing pellet by the former Sheldahl Industrial Absorbents.
Pelletech® Indirect sludge dryer and pelletizing unit by Wheelabrator Water Technologies, Inc.
Pelton wheel An impulse hydraulic turbine that may be used as an energy recovery device in high head applications such as seawater reverse osmosis.
PEMS Predictive emissions monitoring systems. This monitors critical operational parameters of the source and relates the results to the emissions level.
Penberthy Former manufacturer whose product line is now offered by Chemineer, Inc.
Pen.eld® Water treatment product line by USFilter/Rockford.
Penro Reverse osmosis systems by Pen.eld Liquid Treatment Systems.
penstock A pipe which transports water to a turbine for the production of hydroelectric energy.
PentaPure® Disinfecting resin by WTC Industries, Inc.
Pentech Former manufacturer whose product line is now offered by Chemineer, Inc.
per capita Per person.
PERC See “perchloroethylene (PCE, also PERC).”
perc test See “percolation test.”
perched aquifer An uncon.ned aquifer separated from the underlying water table by an impermeable layer or unsaturated zone.
perched water Zone of unpressurized water held above the water table by impermeable rock or sediment.
perchlorate A rocket fuel ingredient emerging as an environmental threat particularly to some drinking water supplies. Chemical formula ClO4–.
perchloroethylene (PCE, also PERC) A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial cleaner or solvent, often used to dry cleaning clothing. Also called “tetrachloroethylene.”
Percol® Polyelectrolyte used to enhance liquid/solid separation by Ciba Specialty Chemicals.
percolating .lter See “trickling .lter.”
percolation The .ow or trickling of a liquid downward through a contact or .ltering medium.
percolation test Test used to determine the water-absorbing capacity of soil where the drop in water level in a test hole is measured over a .xed time period. Also called “perc test.”
Perc-Rite® Filtration system by Waste Water Systems, Inc.
perfected water right A permitted water right indicating that anticipated uses were of bene.cial use.

perfection The process of meeting terms and conditions of a water right permitting process which results in a perfected water right.
performance ratio A unit of measurement used to characterize evaporator performance expressed as the mass of distillate produced per unit of energy consumed.
peripheral feed clari.er A circular sedimentation basin in which the in.uent .ows from the perimeter toward the center of the unit. periphyton Microscopic underwater plants and animals that are .rmly attached to solid surfaces such as rocks, logs, pilings, and other structures. peristaltic pump A type of positive displacement pump where the .uid is squeezed through a .ow tube by external rollers. Perma-buoy Foam-.lled .berglass .ight for chain and .ight sludge collector by
Jeffrey Chain Corp. Permachem Packages containing chemical compositions and reagents by Hach Co. permafrost Permanently frozen subsurface soil layer in the polar regions. Permaglas® Storage tank coating system by A.O. Smith Engineered Storage Products. Permaklip Belt seam for .lter press belt by Sefar America, Inc. Permalife Chain and .ight sludge collector components by Jeffrey Chain Corp. permanent hardness Hardness associated with sulfates, chlorides, and nitrates of
calcium and magnesium which remain after boiling. permanent threshold shift (PTS) A permanent hearing loss for a certain sound
frequency. Permasep® Reverse osmosis products by E.I. Dupont De Nemours, Inc. permeability The property of a .lter medium to permit a .uid to pass through it
under the in.uence of pressure. permeate The liquid that passes through a membrane. permeator A pressure vessel containing semi-permeable membranes. PermeOx® Solid peroxygen by FMC Corp., Hydrogen Peroxide Division. permissible dose The dose of a chemical that may be received by an individual
without the expectation of a signi.cantly harmful result. permissible exposure limit (PEL) OSHA-established workplace exposure limit
for 600 industrial chemicals. Permo.lter Horizontal multiple cell pressure .lter by USFilter/Warren. Permujet® Clari.er by USFilter/Warren. Permupak Package water treatment plant by USFilter/Warren. PermuRO Reverse osmosis system by USFilter/Warren. Permutit® Water treatment product line by USFilter/Warren. peroxone A blend of ozone and hydrogen peroxide used for disinfection and odor
control. Perox-Pure® UV-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide system by Calgon Carbon Corp. Perox-serv™ Odor control services by Vulcan Performance Chemicals. Perox-stor™ Hydrogen peroxide user service by Vulcan Performance Chemicals. peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) A secondary pollutant and major component of pho
tochemical smog formed when reactive hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen combine in the presence of sunlight. Perpac Surface water treatment plant by Vulcan Industries, Inc.

Perrin Dewatering equipment product line by USFilter/Dewatering Systems.
personal protective equipment (PPE) Devices or clothing worn to help insulate a person from direct exposure to hazardous materials.
personnel access opening An opening in a vessel or sewer to permit human entry. Also called a “manhole” or “manway.”
PERT Program evaluation review technique.
pervaporation (PV) A process in which membranes are used to remove volatile organic compounds from an aqueous stream.
pesticides A chemical used to kill undesired insects or animals.
PET Polyethylene terephthalate. A resin used to make plastic bottles.
PET™ Demineralizer system by USFilter Corp.
petri dish A covered dish containing an agar media used in the laboratory to cultivate bacteria.
petrochemicals Products or compounds produced by the processing of petroleum and natural gas hydrocarbons.
Petro-Flex® Portable holding tank by Aero Tec Laboratories, Inc.
petroleum The crude oil removed from the earth and the oils derived from tar sands, shale, and coal.
Petrolux Ceramic membrane .lter by USFilter Corp.
Petro-Pak Coalescing media for oil removal system by McTighe Industries, Inc.
Petro-Screen™ Oil coalescer screen by Highland Tank & Manufacturing.
Petro-Xtractor™ Water well oil skimmer by Abanaki Corp.
pezodialysis Membrane process to remove salt from solution where salt, rather than water, passes through the membrane.
PFBC Pressurized .uidized bed combustion.
PFCs Per.uorinated compounds.
PFD Process .ow diagram.
P.esteria piscicida A waterborne organism toxic to .sh.
PFO Power fail open.
PFR See “plug .ow reactor (PFR).”
PFRP Process to further reduce pathogens.
PFT Former equipment manufacturer acquired by USFilter/Envirex.
PFU See “plaque-forming units (PFU).”
pH The reciprocal of the logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in gram moles per liter. On the 0 to 14 pH scale, a value of 7 at 25°C (77°F) represents a neutral condition. Decreasing values indicate increasing hydrogen ion concentration (acidity) and increasing values indicate decreasing hydrogen ion concentration (alkalinity). Full form is “potential of hydrogen.”
phagotroph An organism that obtains nutrients through the ingestion of solid particles of food.
Phantom® 4 Odor-.ghting product by NuTech Environmental Corp.
pharmaceutical-grade water See “USP-puri.ed water.”
pharmakinetics The dynamic behavior of chemicals inside biological systems, including uptake, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

PharmMAX™ Reverse osmosis system pharmaceutical and biotech applications by USFilter.
phase The state of a substance; solid, liquid, or vapor.
phased reversal A technique employed in EDR systems to improve product recovery by staging electrical polarity reversal.
PHC Principal hazardous constituent.
PHD Peak hourly demand.
PhD2 Portable multiple gas detector by Biosystems, Inc.
phenolphthalein A color indicator that changes from colorless to pink/red, used to measure alkalinity.
phenolphthalein alkalinity Alkalinity determined by titration with sulfuric acid to pH 8.3, indicated by a color change of phenolphthalein and expressed as mg/L of calcium carbonate. Also called “P-alkalinity.”
phenols Organic pollutant also known as carbolic acid occurring in industrial wastes from petroleum processing and coal-coking operations.
pheromone A substance secreted by an organism that in.uences the behavior or developmental response of other members of the same species.
Phoenix® Odor control system by Calgon Carbon Corp.
Phoenix Press Belt .lter press by Phoenix Process Equipment Co.
Phoenix System Filter air scour and underdrain systems by AWI.
phosphate A salt or ester of phosphoric acid.
phosphoric acid An acid produced from mined phosphate rock used in fertilizers and detergents. Chemical formula is H3PO4.
phosphorous (1) A nonmetallic chemical element with the chemical symbol P.
(2) A nutrient essential to all life forms whose overabundance can contribute to the eutrophication of a water body. Phostrip Biological system for phosphorus and BOD removal by Tetra Process Technologies. Phosver Reagent chemical used to determine phosphate concentration in water by
Hach Co.
photic zone The upper level of a waterbody into which light penetrates.
photocatalytic oxidation A process where organic and inorganic contaminants are oxidized by free radicals generated from the interaction of UV radiation with a chemical or metal oxide catalyst.
photochemical smog A form of air pollution which results in an atmospheric haze and is caused by the reaction of sunlight with VOCs, nitrogen oxides, and other pollutants produced by combustion processes.
photooxidation The use of ultraviolet light to induce or supplement an oxidation reaction.
photosynthesis The process of converting carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates, activated by sunlight in the presence of chlorophyll.
phototrophs Organisms that rely on the sun for energy.
Photovac™ Portable VOC monitor by PerkinElmer Instruments.
photovoltaic cell A device that utilizes crystalline materials to convert light from
solar radiation directly into electricity.

phreatic Of, or relating to, groundwater.
phreatic surface The free surface of groundwater at atmospheric pressure.
phreatophyte Any long-rooted plant that is able to obtain its water from the water table. Excessive growths of phreatophytes are undesirable in some areas since they may consume large quantities of scarce water.
pHREEdom™ Cooling water treatment chemicals by Calgon Corp.
PHSA Public Health Service Act.
phys-chem See “physical-chemical treatment.”
physical treatment A water or wastewater treatment process that utilizes only physical methods such as .ltration or sedimentation.
physical-chemical treatment (PC) Treatment processes that are nonbiological in nature. Also known as “phys-chem.”
phytoplankton Algae that exist .oating or suspended freely in a body of water.
phytoremediation A remediation technique where specialized plants are used to take up speci.c soil contaminants into their roots or foliage prior to harvesting and treatment.
phytotoxic Harmful to plants.
PIC See “products of incomplete combustion (PIC).”
Picabiol® Activated carbon puri.cation process for potable water by Pica USA, Inc.
pickets Vertical paddles used in a gravity thickener.
pickle liquor Waste acid from steel pickling process.
pickling A chemical or electrochemical method of removing mill scale and rust from steel by washing or immersing in an acid or salt solution.
picocurie (pCi) A unit of radioactivity equal to 3.7 × 10–12 curie.
Pielkenrood Former name of USFilter/Rossmark.
piezometer An instrument consisting of a small pipe and manometer .tted to the wall of pipe or container to measure pressure head.
piezometric head The elevation plus pressure head.
pig A water-propelled internal pipe cleaner.
pigging A pipeline cleaning procedure using water-propelled pigs to scour solids from the interior walls of a pipe.
Pilgrim Former equipment manufacturer acquired by Andritz-Ruthner, Inc.
piling Timbers, concrete posts, or other structural elements embedded into the ground to support a load.
pilot plant A water or wastewater treatment plant smaller than full scale and used to test and evaluate a treatment process.
pilot tests Testing a treatment technology under actual site conditions to identify potential problems prior to fullscale implementation.
PIMA Photonic ionization, manipulation, and augmentation. A desalination technology that achieves molecular modi.cation of seawater through the use of lasers and photonics.
PIN Pesticide information network.
pin .oc Small .oc particle.
Pinch Press High pressure .ltration and dewatering device by Waste-Tech, Inc.
pinch valve A valve where sealing is achieved by one or more .exible elements that can be pinched to stop .ow.

pink water The process of wastewater stream resulting from the manufacture of explosives.
pintle chain Chain extensively used for elevating and conveying consisting of one-piece links cast with two offset sidebars and coupled with steel pins.
pipe gallery A passageway to provide access for installation and maintenance of underground pipes and valves.
pipe spool A prefabricated section of pipe.
Pipeliner In-line grinder/cutter device by Robbins Myers, Inc.
pipette A calibrated glass tube used to deliver prescribed volumes of liquids, usually less than 10 mL.
Pista® Vortex type grit removal system by Smith & Loveless, Inc.
piston pump A reciprocating pump whose piston normally incorporates a sliding seal with the cylinder wall.
Pit Hog® Sludge pumping system by Liquid Waste Technology, Inc.
pitch (1) The length of one link of chain measured from pin centerline to pin centerline. (2) The distance between the centers of adjacent tubes.
pitot tube Flow measurement device that measures the velocity head of a liquid stream as the difference between the static head and the total head. Also called a “pitot gauge.”
Pittchlor High-test calcium hypochlorite product by PPG Industries, Inc.
pitting Localized corrosion-causing attacks over small surface areas which may reach considerable depths.
PIV Positive in.nitely variable.
pK The reciprocal of the logarithm of the ionization constant of a chemical compound.
Planet Rotary distributor for .xed .lm reactor by Simon-Hartley, Ltd.
plankton Small, passively .oating or weakly swimming animal and plant life of a body of water.
plaque-forming units (PFU) A measurement of viral particles where one PFU is equivalent to approximately 20 to 300 viral particles.
PLASdek Cooling tower .ll by Munters.
plasma A high temperature, partially ionized gas which is electrically conductive. plasma arc furnace A high temperature furnace utilizing a plasma arc heater, or torch, for the destruction of hazardous gaseous, liquid, and solid wastes.
plate count The number of microbe colonies that develop on a laboratory test dish after a .xed incubation period.
plate settler Clari.er with enhanced sedimentation through the use of steeply inclined plates.
plate tectonics The scienti.c theory that the earth’s surface consists of large slabs, or plates, whose constant motion explains continental drift, the formation of mountains, and other geological changes.
plate tower scrubber An air pollution control device that neutralizes hydrogen chloride gas by bubbling alkaline water through holes in a series of metal plates.
plate-and-frame press A batch process dewatering device in which sludge is pumped through a series of parallel plates .tted with .lter cloth.

Plate-Pak® Vane mist eliminators by ACS Industries, Inc.
Platetube Porous diffuser plates by Walker Process Equipment.
PLC Programmable logic controller.
PLIRRA Pollution Liability Insurance and Risk Retention Act.
PLM Polarized light microscopy.
plug .ow Flow conditions where .uid and .uid particles pass through a tank and are discharged in the same sequence that they enter.
plug .ow reactor (PFR) A reactor in which the residence time for a given input, or plug, is equal to the theoretical hydraulic retention time.
plugging factor See “silt density index (SDI).”
plume The measurable or visible impact of a discharge into the air or a body of water.
plunger pump A reciprocating pump whose plunger does not contact the cylinder walls but enters and withdraws from it through packing glands.
Plus 5 Air diffuser by USFilter/Diffused Air Products Group.
Plus 150™ Laboratory water system by USFilter Corp.
plutonium A radioactive metallic element chemically similar to uranium.
pluvial Of, or having to do with, rain.
pluvial lake A lake formed during a period of abundant rainfall.
pluviometer A rain gauge.
PM (1) Particulate matter. (2) Preventative maintenance.
PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter having a diameter equal or smaller than 2.5 microns.
PM10 Airborne particulate matter having a diameter equal to or smaller than 10 microns.
PM15 Airborne particulate matter having a diameter equal or smaller than 15 microns.
PM-100® Clay .ltration media by Colloid Environmental Technologies Co.
PMD™ Pipe mounted diffuser by Environmental Dynamics Inc.
PMR Pollutant mass rate.
PNA Polynuclear aromatics.
pneumoconiosis Lung disease that results from chronic exposure to dusts.
PO*WW*ER™ Wastewater treatment process to reduce residual solids by USFil-ter/Gas Technologies.
POC (1) Particles of complete combustion. (2) See “particulate organic carbon (POC).”
Pocket Pal Portable pH tester by Hach Co.
pocosin A low, .at swamp on the coastal plain of the Southeastern U.S.
PODR Point of diminishing returns.
POE See “point-of-entry (POE).”
pogonip Native American term for a dense winter fog containing frozen ice particles, occurring in deep mountain valleys of the western U.S., particularly in the Sierra Nevada mountains.
pOH The negative logarithm of the hydroxyl ion concentration approximated by the relationship: 14 minus pH = pOH.
POHC See “principal organic hazardous constituent (POHC).”
point source discharge (PS) A pipe, ditch, channel, or other container from which pollutants may be discharged.

point-of-entry (POE) Location of a water treatment or water quality device at the point drinking water enters a house or building for the purpose of reducing the contaminants in the drinking water distributed throughout the house or building.
point-of-use (POU) Location of a water treatment or water quality device at a faucet in an individual household.
polar zone The high altitude regions of the earth located from latitude 66°34. north and 66°34. south to the poles.
polder An area of dry, low-lying land that has been reclaimed from a body of water and is maintained through the use of dikes. In the Netherlands, polders are created for agricultural land.
Pol-E-Z® Emulsion polymer to enhance solids/liquid separation by Calgon Corp.
pollutant A substance, organism, or energy form present in amounts that impair or threaten an ecosystem to the extent that its current or future uses are precluded.
Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) Measure of adverse health effects of air pollution levels in major cities.
pollution The presence of a pollutant in the environment.
Pollutrol Former equipment manufacturer.
Polly Pig Internal pipeline cleaner by Knapp Polly Pig, Inc.
Polyad™ Fluidized bed VOC emission control system by Weatherly.
Poly-Alum Polymerized inorganic coagulant by Rochester Midland.
polyamide A molecular chain polymer made of amide linkages used in the construction of thin .lm composite reverse osmosis membranes.
PolyBlend® Polymer mixing/feeding products by USFilter/Stranco.
PolyBoss™ Instrument to check settling velocity in clari.er feedwell by WesTech Engineering Inc.
Polybrake Cleaning product for removal of polymers by AquaPro, Inc.
polychaete worm A small worm common in seas and estuaries often chosen for bioassays of coastal regions.
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) Class of hazardous organic compounds considered probable carcinogens formerly used in the manufacture of electrical insulation and heating and cooling equipment.
polyelectrolyte A compound consisting of a chain of organic molecules used as coagulants or coagulant aids. See also “polymer.”
polyethylene An inexpensive plastic with a low coef.cient of friction and excellent abrasion, impact, and chemical resistance.
Poly-Filter Plate and frame .lter press by the former Clow Corp.
Poly-Fine Absolute rated cartridge .lters by USFilter/Filtration & Separation.
polyhaline A term used to characterize water with a salinity of 18,000 to 30,000 mg/L due to ocean salts.
Polyjet Flow control valve by Bailey Polyjet.
PolyKleen® ABS .lter underdrain by Baker Process.
Poly-Links Nonmetallic sludge collector chain by NRG, Inc.
Polymair Package polymer processing system by Acrison, Inc.
polymaleic acid A high performance scale control additive.

Polymaster® Polymer mixing/feeding system by Neptune Chemical Pump Co.
PolyMate® Liquid polymer blending/feeding system by Neptune Chemical Pump Co.
PolyMax Polymer mixing/feeding products by Semblex, Inc.
polymer (1) High molecular weight compounds derived by the recurring addition

of similar molecules. (2) Common term for “polyelectrolyte.” polymer activity The percent of a polymer’s molecular weight available to react with and .occulate solids particles. Polymer Piping & Materials Former equipment manufacturer whose products are now offered by Jaeger Products, Inc. polymerization A chemical reaction in which simple molecules combine to form
larger, more complex molecules. Polymetrics Membrane products company acquired by USFilter. Polymetron™ Water analyzer product line by Zellweger Analytics, Inc. PolyMixer Polymer mixing/feeding system by Hof.and Environmental Inc. PolyMizer® Centrifuge by Alfa Laval Separation, Inc. polyna An expanse of water surrounded by ice. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons See “polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.” polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) A group of aromatic compounds,
many of which are carcinogenic, formed by industrial processes and during
the burning of gasoline, coal, and other substances. Polypak Polymer feeding system by BIF. polypeptide A compound consisting of multiple linked amino acids. polyphosphates Phosphate compounds used as sequestration agents to prevent
formation of iron, manganese, and calcium carbonate deposits. Poly-Pleat™ Filter cartridges by Harmsco Filtration Products. PolyPress Plate and frame .lter press by Star Systems, Inc. PolyPro Dry polymer feed system by AquaPro, Inc. Polypure Water treatment chemical group of Polydyne, Inc. PolyRex Polymer feed system by Bran+Luebbe. polysaline A term used to characterize water with a salinity of 18,000 to 30,000
mg/L due to land-derived salts. Polyseed® Bacterial culture for BOD seeding by Polybac Corp. Poly-Stage™ Modular air scrubber system by USFilter/Davis Process. polysulfone A synthetic thermoplastic polymer used in the manufacture of ultra
.ltration membranes and in thin .lm composite and charged polysulfone
reverse osmosis membranes. PolyThickener Waste-activated sludge thickener by Walker Process Equipment. Polytox™ Biological toxicity test kit by Polybac Corp. PolyTube Tubular air diffuser formerly offered by Walker Process Equipment. polyurethane An elastomer with tensile strength and abrasion resistance greater
than that of natural rubber and capable of being formulated for injection molding or casting. polyvinyl chloride (PVC) A thermoplastic with excellent corrosion resistance
that is widely used to manufacture pipe and biological .lter media. POM See “particulate organic matter (POM).” pond A body of water smaller than a lake, often formed arti.cially.

pond scum A mass of .lamentous algae that forms a green scum on the surface of ponds.
ponding See “pooling.”
Pond-X® Odor control product by NuTech Environmental Corp.
Pontoon Floating cover for anaerobic digesters formerly offered by USFilter/Envirex.
pooling The formation of pools of liquid on the surface of a clogged .lter.
population (1) A group of interbreeding organisms occupying a particular space.
(2) The number of humans or other living creatures in a designated area. population at risk A population subgroup that is more likely to be exposed to a chemical, or is more sensitive to the chemical, than the general population. population equivalent (PE) The daily wastewater typically produced by one per
son expressed in terms of BOD; i.e., 60g of BOD per population equivalent.
Porcupine Indirect contact sludge dryer by Bethlehem Corp.
PORI Former name of USFilter Recovery Services.
Poro-Carbon Automatic liquid .lter system by R.P. Adams Co., Inc.
Poro-Edge Automatic water strainer by R.P. Adams Co., Inc.
porosity The ratio of void volume to total bulk volume.
Poro-Stone Automatic liquid .lter system by R.P. Adams Co., Inc.
porous disk diffuser A circular, .ne bubble aeration device of porous plastic or ceramic construction.
Porta Dike™ Portable spill containment system by Environetics, Inc.
Port-A-Berm™ Portable secondary containment system by Aero Tec Laboratories, Inc.
Portacel® Gas chlorination system by F.B. Leopold Co., Inc.
Porta-Cleanse Submersible mixer for wet well pump station by Flygt.
Porta-Feed® Chemical handling system by Nalco Chemical Co.
Porta-Pac™ Powdered-activated carbon wet injection system by Norit Americas Inc.
PortaPump® Portable, submersible pump by Warren Rupp, Inc.
Porta-Tank Liquid storage system by Environetics, Inc.
Portland cement Cement made by heating a slurry of crushed chalk or limestone and clay to clinker in a kiln before grinding and adding gypsum.
Posi-Clean Wedgewire straining element by Tate Andale, Inc.
Posirake Reciprocating rake bar screen formerly offered by USFilter/Zimpro.
positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) A method of reducing automobile engine emissions by directing crankcase emissions into the cylinders for combustion.
positive displacement pump A pump where liquid is drawn into a cavity and its pressure is increased, forcing the liquid through an outlet port into the discharge line.
Positive Seal Rotary distributor for trickling .lter by Walker Process Equipment. post chlorination Addition of chlorine after completion of other treatment processes. post treatment Treatment of .nished water or wastewater to further enhance its quality.

post-closure The time period following the shutdown of a waste management or manufacturing facility, which, for monitoring purposes, is often considered to be 30 years.
potable reuse The bene.cial use of highly treated reclaimed water toward augmentation of potable water supply.
potable water See “drinking water.”
potassium permanganate A crystalline salt of potassium and manganese used for taste, odor control, and iron/manganese oxidation. Chemical formula is KMnO4, also called “purple salt.”
potential of hydrogen See “pH.”
potentially responsible party (PRP) An individual or company identi.ed as potentially liable for cleanup or payment for cost of cleanup of a hazardous waste site.
potentiation The effect of one chemical to increase the effect of another chemical.
potentiometric surface The level to which water will rise in cased wells or other cased excavations into aquifers.
POTW See “publicly owned treatment works (POTW).”
POU See “point-of-use (POU).”
POU/POE Point-of-use/point-of-entry.
pounds per square inch, absolute (psia) The total pressure in a system which is the sum of the gage pressure and atmospheric pressure and is expressed in terms of the pounds of force exerted per square inch.
pounds per square inch, gage (psig) The pressure measured by a gage and expressed in terms of the pounds of force exerted per square inch.
pour point The lowest temperature at which a liquid will pour.
Powder Pop® Chlorine test dispenser by HF Scienti.c, Inc.
powdered activated carbon (PAC) A powdered form of activated carbon fed as a slurry to water to absorb organics, particularly taste and odor-causing constituents.
Powdex® Combination ion exchange and .ltration unit by Graver Co.
Power Backwash™ Concurrent air and water .lter backwash system by Tetra Process Technologies.
Power Brush™ Internal pipeline cleaner by Pipeline Pigging Products, Inc.
Power Mizer™ Multi-stage centrifugal blower by Spencer Turbine Co.
Power Units™ Magnetic pipe treatment unit by Aqua Magnetics International, Inc.
PoweRake Reciprocating rake bar screen by the former EnviroFab, Inc.
Powerhouse® Alkaline cleaner/degreaser by Pro Products, Corp.
Powermatic Reciprocating rake bar screen by Brackett Geiger.
Powerpak™ Filter press by Flo Trend Systems, Inc.
PowerSewer™ Low pressure sewer by Interon Corp.
PoweRupp® Electrically driven diaphragm pump by Warren Rupp, Inc.
Powrclean Front cleaned multiple rake bar screen by USFilter/Aerator Products.
Powr-Trols Custom engineered pump station motor control panel by Healy-Ruff Co.
Poz-O-Lite® A lightweight aggregate by Conversion Systems, Inc.

Poz-O-Tec® Scrubber sludge and stabilizing additive mixture that produces a stable, nonleaching, monolithic mass of low permeability by Conversion Systems, Inc.
pozzolonic Finely divided materials such as .y ash that aid in forming compounds possessing cementitious properties.
ppb Parts per billion.
PPE See “personal protective equipment (PPE).”
ppm See “parts per million (ppm).”
ppmv Parts per million by volume.
ppmw Parts per million by weight.
PPP Public-private partnership.
ppt Parts per thousand.
PQ® Sodium silicate corrosion inhibitor by PQ Corp.
PQL Practical quantitation limit. Generally the same as “estimated quantitation limit.”
Praestol® Polymer products by Stockhausen, Inc.
preaeration A preliminary treatment process in which wastewater is aerated to remove gases, add oxygen, promote .otation of grease, and/or aid coagulation.
prechlorination The application of chlorine before other treatment processes.
precipitate A solid that separates from a solution.
precipitation The phenomenon that occurs when a substance held in solution passes out of solution into a solid form.
Precipitator™ Package treatment plants by USFilter/Warren.
Precision Fine bubble tube diffuser by USFilter/Diffused Air Products Group.
precoat .lter Filter using a thin layer of very .ne material, such as diatomaceous earth, to coat the .lter surface before .ltration cycles.
precursor A substance or compound from which another substance or compound is formed. Usually refers to an organic compound capable of being formed into a trihalomethane.
pre.lter A .ltration device located upstream of the main .ltration process.
PreFLEX® Skid-mounted pretreatment system for reverse osmosis and demineralizer systems by USFilter/Rockford.
preliminary assessment The process of collecting and reviewing available information about a known or suspected waste site or release.
preliminary treatment Treatment steps including comminution, screening, grit removal, preaeration, and/or .ow equalization which prepare wastewater in.uent for further treatment.
Prerostal System of adjusting pumping volume to in.ow rate by Envirotech Pump-systems.
prescriptive Water rights which are acquired by diverting water and putting it to use in accordance with speci.ed procedures.
presedimentation A pretreatment process used to remove sand, gravel, or other gritty material before subsequent treatment.
Preservol™ Reverse osmosis membrane preservative by Professional Water Technologies, Inc.
pressate The liquid waste stream from a .lter press.

Press.ex Dewatering screen fabric by Geschmay GmbH.
PressMaster™ Hydraulic sludge dewatering unit by Baker Process.
pressure drop See “headloss.”
Pressure Exchanger Energy recovery device for seawater reverse osmosis unit by Energy Recovery, Inc.
pressure .lter Filter unit enclosed in a vessel which may be operated under pressure.
pressure .ltration The process of removing solids from a liquid using external pressure to force the liquid through a .lter media.
pressure head The amount of energy in water due to water pressure.
pressure sewers A system of pipes in which water, wastewater, or other liquid is pumped to a higher elevation.
pressure-swing adsorption (PSA) A process using an adsorbent to separate components of a gas mixture, sometimes used to separate oxygen from air to form pure oxygen.
Pressveyor Hydraulic screenings press/conveyor by Waterlink Separations, Inc.
Prestex Filter belt for belt .lter press by Sefar America, Inc.
Presto-Tek Flowmeter product line of Newport Electronics.
presumptive test The .rst of three steps in the analysis of water and wastewater for the presence of fecal bacteria. After a sample is inoculated and incubated, the presence of acid and gas is an indication of a positive test and the water is presumed to be contaminated. This test is followed by a con.rmed test and a completed test.
Pretreat Plus™ Antiscalant/dispersant by King Lee Technologies.
Pretreat SDP™ Antiscalant for small capacity RO systems by King Lee Technologies.
pretreatment (1) The initial water or wastewater treatment process that precedes primary treatment processes. (2) The treatment of industrial wastes to reduce or alter the characteristics of the pollutants prior to discharge to a POTW.
prevalent levels Levels of airborne contaminant occurring under normal conditions.
prevention of signi.cant deterioration (PSD) A provision of the Clean Air Act that establishes a minimum air quality baseline for particular pollutants in speci.c areas.
primary clari.er Sedimentation basin that precedes secondary wastewater treatment.
primary contaminant A drinking water contaminant with health-related effects.
primary ef.uent .ltration (PEF) The use of granular media or synthetic material .ltration to remove contaminants from primary ef.uent prior to discharge.
primary industry categories The 34 types of industrial facilities that require the best available technology for toxic water pollutants under the Clean Water Act.
primary MCL EPA-mandated maximum contaminant level in drinking water based on health effects.
primary pollutant A pollutant that exists in the environment in the same form as when it was released.
primary sedimentation Principal form of primary wastewater treatment utilizing clari.ers to reduce the solids loading on subsequent treatment processes.
primary sludge Sludge produced in a primary waste treatment unit.

primary standards National ambient air quality standards designed to protect human health with an adequate margin for safety.
primary treatment Treatment steps including sedimentation and/or .ne screening to produce an ef.uent suitable for biological treatment.
Prima-Sep® Specialty clari.er with tray separator by Graver Co.
Prime Aire Trash pump by Gorman-Rupp Co.
Primox® Oxygen injection system for primary sewage by BOC Gases.
Princeton Clearwater Former equipment manufacturer.
principal organic hazardous constituent (POHC) Hazardous organic compounds that may form products of incomplete combustion when incinerated.
prior appropriation A doctrine of water law that allocates the rights to use water on a .rst-come .rst-serve basis.
priority pollutants A list of approximately 126 chemicals identi.ed as toxic pollutants by the Clean Water Act.
privately owned treatment works A treatment works that is not owned or operated by a state or municipality. Not a “POTW.”
privatization The involvement of nonpublic and entrepreneurial interests in project development, ownership, and/or operation of municipal facilities such as water and wastewater treatment systems.
privy A pit toilet, also called an “outhouse.”
PRO*ECOLITH Monolithic regenerative catalytic oxidation product for VOC abatement by Süd-Chemie Prototech Inc.
PRO*HHC Halogenated hydrocarbon catalyst by Süd-Chemie Prototech Inc.
PRO*PEL Bead-type air pollution control catalysts by Süd-Chemie Prototech Inc.
PRO*RCO Metal coated regenerative catalytic oxidation product for VOC abatement by Süd-Chemie Prototech Inc.
PRO*VOC Ceramic and metal monolithic catalyst products for VOC abatement by Süd-Chemie Prototech Inc.
Probiotics™ Lagoon sludge oxidation products by Bio Huma Netics, Inc.
ProBlend Liquid polymer feed system by AquaPro, Inc.
process wastewater Wastewater generated during manufacture or production processes.
process water Water that is used for, or comes in contact with, an end product or the materials used in an end product.
Prochem® Agitator and mixer products by Chemics, Inc.
produced water All waters produced during the production of crude oil and gas.
product staging Reverse osmosis process con.guration where the product from one stage is used as feedwater on a subsequent stage to improve product water quality.
product water Water produced as a result of treatment or desalination processes. products of incomplete combustion (PIC) Carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and other organic matter generated when organic materials are burned.
Professional Services Group Former group merged into USFilter/Operating Services.
pro.le wire Term used to describe specially shaped wire that is generally triangular or trapezoidal in cross section. Also called “wedgewire.”
Pro.ler Sludge blanket level and suspended solids monitor by Mt. Fury Co., Inc.

progressing cavity pump (PCP) Pump used for viscous .uids, including sludge, that consists of a single-threaded shaft rotor rotating in a double-threaded rubber stator.
progressive cavity pump See “progressing cavity pump (PCP).”
ProGuard Backwashable cartridge .lters by ProGuard Filtration Systems.
Promal Pearlitic malleable iron chain material by USFilter/Envirex.
ProMix™ Polymer wetting and blending unit by BlenTech Inc.
ProPack Random trickling .lter media by the former Gray Engineering Co.
ProPak™ Sampling system by Isco, Inc.
propellant Liquid in a self-pressurized pesticide product that expels the active ingredient from its container.
prophylaxis The observance of procedures necessary to prevent disease.
proportional weir A weir whose discharge is directly proportional to the head.
Proportioneer Mixer by Lightnin.
Propulsair Aspirating aerator by Baker Process.
ProScreen® Trommel screen by Knight Manufacturing Corp.
ProSep Membrane treatment system for industrial wastes by PTI Advanced Filtration.
Prosonic™ Ultrasonic level control system by Endress+Hauser.
Prosser/Enpro Pump product line by Crane Pumps & Systems.
ProTec RO™ Powder antifoulant by King Lee Technologies.
ProTechtor™ Headworks grease and grit removal system by Hi-Tech Environmental, Inc.
Protect Portable carbon absorber by Waterlink/Barnebey Sutcliffe.
protein Any of a large class of complex nitrogenous compounds that contains one or more polypetide molecules and occur in all animal and vegetable matter and are essential to life.
Protista The class of living organisms that includes algae, bacteria, and protozoa.
Protoc Total organic carbon analyzers by Tytronics, Inc.
protoplast The living substance of a plant or cell, excluding the cell wall.
Prototech Former name of Süd-Chemie Prototech Inc.
protozoa A group of microorganisms including amoebas, .agellates, and ciliates that feed on bacteria and other protists and reproduce by binary .ssion.
ProTwin® Sludge spreader by Knight Manufacturing Corp.
PRP See “potentially responsible party (PRP).”
PS See “point source discharge (PS).”
PSA See “pressure-swing adsorption (PSA).”
PSD See “prevention of signi.cant deterioration (PSD).”
PSES Pretreatment Standards for Existing Sources.
PSEU Pollutant Speci.c Emissions Unit.

pseudo-hardness The action exhibited by sea, brackish, and other waters containing high concentrations of sodium that interferes with the normal behavior of soap.
pseudomonas A common rod-shaped aerobic bacteria.
PSG Professional Services Group, now a part of USFilter/Operating Services.

psi Pounds per square inch.
PSI See “Pollutant Standard Index (PSI).”
psia See “pounds per square inch, absolute (psia).”
psig See “pounds per square inch, gage (psig).”
PSM (1) Point source monitoring. (2) Process safety management.
PSNS Pretreatment Standards for New Sources.
PSRP Process to signi.cantly reduce pathogens.
PSU Primary sampling unit.
Psychoda .ies A small, dark-colored .y that creates a nuisance by breeding in trickling .lter beds. Commonly known as “.lter .ies.”
psychrometer An instrument used to determine the relative humidity and vapor tension of the atmosphere.
psychrophiles Bacteria that grow best at temperatures below 20°C.
PTE (1) Potential to emit. (2) Permanent total enclosure.
ptomaine Any of a class of alkaloid substances formed in decaying animal or vegetable matter by bacterial action on proteins.
ptomaine poisoning Food poisoning caused by bacteria, erroneously thought to be caused by ptomaines.
PTS See “permanent threshold shift (PTS).”
public utility A private business organization subject to government regulation that provides an essential product or service such as water, electricity, transportation, or communication to the public.
public water system (PWS) A system that pipes water for human consumption to at least 25 people or has 15 or more surface connections.
publicly owned treatment works (POTW) Treatment works owned by a state or municipality, including sewers, pipes, or other conveyances used to convey wastewater.
PUC Public Utilities Commission.
pug mill A grinder used to reduce the size of solid waste or sludge to facilitate further treatment or disposal.
Pullman Power Products Chimney and storage silo product line by Wheelabrator Air Pollution Control, Inc.
PullUp Removable aeration header and drop pipe assembly by USFilter/Aerator Products.
Pulsapak® Potable water treatment plant by In.lco Degremont, Inc.
pulsation dampener A device using air or other compressible gas to absorb pressure irregularities and induce uniform .ow in pump suction or discharge lines.
Pulsator® Solids contact clari.er by In.lco Degremont, Inc.
PULSAtrol® Microprocessor based system controller by Pulsafeeder, Inc.
Pulsatron® Electronic metering pump by Pulsafeeder, Inc.
Pulsemate™ Metering pumps and controls by USFilter/Wallace & Tiernan.
Pulse-Mix® Short-term backwashing process to regenerate sand .lter media by USFilter/Zimpro.
pump A mechanical device used to apply pressure to a .uid to cause its .ow.

pump curves A set of graphical pump characteristics that represent pump performance by comparing total discharge head, net positive suction head, and ef.ciency relative to capacity.
pump stage The number of impellers in a centrifugal pump.
pump station A chamber that contains pumps, valves, and electrical equipment necessary to pump water or wastewater.
Pumpak Standard pump control systems by Healy-Ruff Co.
Purac Product line of Waterlink Separations, Inc.
Pura.lter™ Air .lters by Pura.l, Inc.
Puratex™ Cartridge .lter by Osmonics, Inc.
PurCycle™ VOC removal system by Purus Corp.
pure oxygen process Variation of the activated sludge process using pure molecular oxygen for microbial respiration rather than atmospheric oxygen.
Purelab Plus™ Laboratory water puri.cation system by USFilter Corp.
Pureone® Laboratory water system by USFilter Corp.
Puresep® Resin separation process by USFilter/Warren.
Purgamix Sludge mixing and heating system by Waste-Tech, Inc.
Purge Saver™ Groundwater analyzer by QED Environmental Systems, Inc.
Purifax® System using wet oxidation process for sludge stabilization by BIF.
puri.ed water Bottled water that has undergone signi.cant treatment prior to bottling. See also “USP-puri.ed water.”
Puritan Fluid recovery treatment system for spent coolant and oils by Waterlink Biological Systems.
purl To .ow in ripples with a murmuring sound.
Puro.ne™ Ion exchange resin by Purolite Co.
PURPA Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act.
purple salt See “potassium permanganate.”
Purspring Bio.ltration system by Bioway America.
Pusher™ Dewatering screw press by USFilter/Dewatering Systems.
putrefaction The decomposition of organic matter by bacteria, fungi, and oxidation which results in the formation of noxious products and/or foul-smelling gases.
putrescible Organic matter that is likely to result in a rotten, foul-smelling product as it undergoes decay or decomposition.
Putzmeister Sludge cake pump marketed by USFilter/Asdor.
PV See “pervaporation (PV).”
PVC See “polyvinyl chloride (PVC).”
PVDF Polyvinylidene .uoride.
PWMP® Pure water management program for outsourced water services by USFilter Corp.
PWS See “public water system (PWS).”
PWSS Public water supply system.
PWT Professional Water Technologies, Inc.
Pyramed™ Direct retention .lter underdrain system by WesTech Engineering Inc.
pyrite A mineral containing sulfur and iron, frequently found in coal.
Pyro.uid® Fluidized bed incinerator by USFilter/Krüger (North America) and OTV.
pyrogen Cell material from bacteria that produces fevers in mammals.

Pyrolox™ Granular media for removal of iron, manganese, and hydrogen sul.de by Clack Corp.
pyrolysis The chemical decomposition of a material by heating in oxygen-de.cient conditions.
Pyrospout Fluid bed combustor/incinerator by Process Combustion Corp.
Python Press High pressure .ltration and dewatering device by Waste-Tech, Inc.

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