مسرد بيئي C

المعجم البيئي مشروع قيد العمل يحتاج لترجمة وإضافة بنود

A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z

• C See “Celsius (C).”
• C. parvum See “Cryptosporidium.”
• C × T The product of the “residual disinfection concentration” (C) in mg/L deter­mined before or at the .rst customer, and the corresponding “disinfectant contact time” (T) in minutes. Also called “CT value.”
• C × T99.9 The CT value required for 99.9% inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts. c/c Center-to-center.
• CA See “cellulose acetate (CA).”
• CA membrane Cellulose acetate membrane.
• CA•RE™ Spent cartridge .lter recovery program by USFilter Corp.
• CAA See “Clean Air Act (CAA).”
• CAAA See “Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA).”
• CableTorq Circular thickener with automatic torque load response system by GL&V/Dorr-Oliver, Inc.
• CaCO3 See “calcium carbonate.”
• CAD Computer-aided design.
• cadmium (Cd) A heavy metal element that accumulates in the environment.
• CADRE® VOC destruction process by Vara International.
• CAF® Cavitation air .otation units by HydroCal, Inc.
• CAFE See “Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standard (CAFE).”
• CAFOs Concentrated animal feeding operations.
• Cairox® Potassium permanganate by Carus Chemical Co., Inc.
• Cairox ZM® Zebra mussel control technology by Carus Chemical Co., Inc.
• caisson Watertight structure used for underwater work.
• cake Dewatered sludge with a solids concentration suf.cient to allow handling as a solid material.
• cake .ltration Filtration classi.cation for .lters where solids are removed on the entering face of the granular media.
• CakePress Modular high pressure section of dewatering press by Parkson Corp.
• Cal Large calorie. See “calorie.”
• cal Small calorie. See “calorie.”
• calandria The heating element in an evaporator consisting of vertical tubes which act as the heating surface.
• calcareous Composed of, or containing, calcium compounds, particularly calcium carbonate.
• calcify To become stone-like or chalky due to deposition of calcium salts.
• calcine Ore, carbonate, mineral, or concentrate that has been roasted in an oxidiz­ing atmosphere to remove sulfur or carbon dioxide.
• calcined lime See “quicklime.”
• calciner A device in which the moisture and organic matter in phosphate rock is reduced in a combustion chamber.
• calcining Exposure of an inorganic compound to a high temperature to alter its form and drive off a substance that was originally part of the compound.
• Calciquest Liquid polyphosphate by Calciquest, Inc.
• calcium carbonate A white, chalky substance which is the principal hardness and scale-causing compound in water. Chemical formula is CaCO3.
• calcium carbonate equivalent (mg/L as CaCO3) A convenient unit of exchange for expressing all ions in water by comparing them to calcium carbonate which has a molecular weight of 100 and an equivalent weight of 50; signi.es that the concentration of a dissolved mineral is chemically equivalent to the stated concentration of calcium carbonate.
• calcium hardness The portion of the total hardness attributed to calcium compounds.
• calcium hydroxide See “hydrated lime.”
• calcium hypochlorite A chlorine compound frequently used as a water or waste­water disinfectant. Chemical formula is Ca(OCl). calcium sulfate A white solid known as the mineral “anhydrite” with the chemical formula CaSO4, and gypsum with the formula CaSO4•2H2O. calibration The determination, checking, or rectifying of the gradation of any
• instrument giving quantitative measurements. Callaway Chemical Company acquired by Vulcan Performance Chemicals. calorie The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water
• 1°C, also known as a “small calorie.” A “large calorie” or “kilocalorie” is the
• amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water by 1°C. Calver Chemicals for use in the analysis of calcium in water by Hach Company. Calvert Manufacturer acquired by Monsanto Enviro-Chem Systems, Inc. CAM Carbon adsorption method. CAM rule See “Compliance Assurance Monitoring rule (CAM rule).” CAMP Continuous air monitoring program. Camp Nozzle Plastic strainer-type nozzle for .lter underdrain by Walker Process
• Equipment. Campylobacter enteritis A waterborne gastrointestinal disorder. cancer A class of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth of cells. Cannon™ Positive displacement digester mixer by In.lco Degremont, Inc. Cannonball2 Portable multiple gas detector by Biosystems, Inc. Cansorb Activated carbon adsorber by TIGG Corp. cap A layer of clay or other impermeable material installed over the top of a closed
• land.ll to prevent entry of rainwater and minimize leachate. CAPA® Caprolactone product by Solvay America. capacitive deionization An electrically regenerated electrosorption process capa­
• ble of desalinating saline water. capillarity The ability of a soil to retain a .lm of water around soil particles and in pores through the action of surface tension.
• capillary (1) A slender hair-like structure or a very .ne, small bore tube. (2) A blood vessel with very .ne openings that joins the smallest arteries with the smallest veins.
• capillary action The movement or action of a liquid through interstices, capillary tubes, or other very .ne openings due to the molecular attraction between molecules of the liquid for each and a solid surface.
• capillary fringe The zone of porous material above the zone of saturation con­
• taining water held by capillary action. Capitox Modular wastewater treatment plant by Simon-Hartley, Ltd. Capozone® Ozone generation system by Capital Controls Co. Capsular® Wet well mounted pump station by Smith & Loveless, Inc. Captivated Sludge Process Fixed .lm biological waste treatment system by the
• former Waste Solutions. Captor® Fixed .lm biological waste treatment system by the former Waste Solutions. capture ef.ciency The fraction of organic vapors generated by a process that are
• directed to an abatement or recovery device.
• CAR™ Aerobic wastewater treatment system with covered reactor by ADI Sys­tems, Inc.
• Carball Carbon dioxide generator formerly offered by Walker Process Equipment.
• carbamates A class of pesticides, herbacides, and fungicides developed as less-hazardous replacements for chlorinated hydrocarbons.
• Carbo Dur™ Granular activated carbon by USFilter/Warren.
• Carbo-Cor™ Cross.ow membrane used for puri.cation of water-based surface cleaners by Koch Membrane Systems Inc.
• Carbo.lt Anthracite .lter media by International Filter Media.
• Carbolux® Decontaminate system to remove crystallized contaminants from elec­troplating solutions by USFilter/Dewatering Systems.
• carbon An element present in many inorganic and all organic compounds.
• carbon adsorption The use of powdered or granular-activated carbon to remove refractory and other organic matter from water.
• carbon black An additive that prevents degradation of thermoplastics by ultravi­olet light.
• carbon chloroform extract (CCE) The residue from a carbon chloroform extrac­tion test.
• carbon chloroform extraction Test to determine organic matter in water where organics adsorbed on an activated carbon cartridge are extracted from the carbon by chloroform and weighed or analyzed.
• carbon cycle A graphical presentation of the movement of carbon among living and nonliving matter.
• carbon dioxide A noncombustible gas formed in animal respiration and the com­bustion and decomposition of organic matter. Chemical formula is CO2.
• carbon .xation A process occurring in photosynthesis where atmospheric carbon
• dioxide gas is combined with hydrogen obtained from water molecules.
• carbon monoxide Colorless, odorless gas produced by incomplete combustion of organic fuels lethal to humans at concentrations exceeding 5000 mg/L. Chem­ical formula is CO.
• carbon steel A general purpose steel whose major properties depend on its 0.1 to 2% carbon content without substantial amounts of other alloying elements.
• carbon-14 A naturally occurring radioactive isotope of carbon that emits beta particles when it undergoes radioactive decay.
• carbonaceous Of, pertaining to, or yielding carbon.
• carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD) The portion of biochemi­cal oxygen demand where oxygen consumption is due to oxidation of carbon, usually measured after a sample has been incubated for 5 days. Also called “.rst-stage BOD.”
• carbonate A compound containing the anion radical of carbonic acid CO3.
• carbonate alkalinity Alkalinity resulting from the presence of carbonate ions.
• carbonate hardness The hardness in water caused by bicarbonates and the car­bonates of calcium and magnesium.
• carbonation The diffusion of carbon dioxide gas through a liquid.
• carbonator A device used to carbonate or recarbonate water.
• Carbonite Anthracite .lter media by Carbonite Filter Corp.
• Carborundum Former manufacturer of wastewater treatment equipment.
• carboxylic The functional group COOH found in all carboxylic acids.
• carboxylic acid Organic acids such as acetic, lactic, and citric acids which contain
• one or more COOH groups. carboy A large container used to store or transport liquid chemicals or water samples. carcinogen A cancer or tumor-causing agent. cardinal points The four principal points of a compass: north, south, east, and west. Carrobic Aerobic digester/thickener used with oxidation ditch wastewater treat­
• ment system by Baker Process. Carrousel® Biological oxidation/wastewater treatment system by DHV Water BV,
• licensed to Baker Process. Carter Product line of JDV Equipment Corp. Cartermix Anaerobic sludge digester mixing system by JDV Equipment Corp. cartridge .lter A .lter unit with cylindrical replaceable elements or cartridges. Carulite® Catalysts for VOC destruction by Carus Chemical Co. Carver-Green.eld process Multiple effect evaporation process to extract water
• from sludge. CASAC EPA’s Clean Air Scienti.c Advisory Committee. Cascade The combined use of a gravity belt thickener followed by a belt .lter
• press to dewater sludge by Gebr. Bellmer GmbH. Cascade™ Biological .ltering system using synthetic media by USFilter/General Filter. cascade aeration An aeration method using a series of steps to promote oxygen uptake in a .owing stream. casing A pipe or tube placed in a bore hole to support the sides of the hole and
• to prevent other .uids from entering or leaving the hole. cask A thick-walled container, usually lead, used to transport radioactive material. CASS™ Cyclic activated sludge system for wastewater treatment system by CASS
• Water Engineering, Inc.
• cast iron A general description for a group of iron-carbon-silicon metallic prod­ucts obtained by reducing iron ore with carbon at temperatures high enough to render the metal .uid and cast it in a mold.
• CastKleen Cast-in-place .lter underdrain by Baker Process.
• Cat Floc® Cationic polymer to enhance solids/liquid separation by Calgon Corp.
• catalyst A substance that modi.es or increases the rate of a chemical reaction
• without being consumed in the process.
• catalytic converter A device installed in the exhaust system of an internal com­bustion engine which utilizes catalytic action to oxidize hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions to carbon dioxide.
• catalytic cracking The use of a catalyst during a cracking process.
• catch basin An open basin that serves as a collection point for stormwater runoff.
• catchment A barrel, cistern, or other container used to catch water.
• catchment area The area of land bounded by watersheds draining into a river,
• lake, or reservoir.
• categorical exclusion A class of actions which either individually or cumulatively would not have a signi.cant effect on the human environment and therefore would not require preparation of an environmental assessment or environmen­tal impact statement.
• categorical pretreatment standard A technology-based ef.uent limitation for an industrial facility discharging into a municipal sewer system.
• category I contaminant U.S. EPA contaminant category indicating suf.cient evi­dence of carcinogenicity via ingestion in humans or animals exists to warrant classi.cation as “known or probable human carcinogens via ingestion.”
• category II contaminant U.S. EPA contaminant category for which limited evi­dence of carcinogenicity via ingestion exists to warrant classi.cation as “pos­sible human carcinogens via ingestion.”
• category III contaminant U.S. EPA contaminant category of substances for which insuf.cient or no evidence of carcinogenicity via ingestion exists.
• catenary bar screen Mechanical screening device using revolving chain-mounted rakes to clean a stationary bar rack.
• cathode The negative electrode where the current leaves an electrolytic solution.
• cathodic protection Electrochemical corrosion protection achieved by imposing an electrical potential to counteract the galvanic potential between dissimilar metals which would lead to corrosion.
• cation A positively charged ion that migrates to the cathode when an electrical potential is applied to a solution.
• cation exchange The ion exchange process in which cations in solution are exchanged for other cations bound to an ion exchange resin or medium.
• cation load factor y The sum of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium expressed as calcium carbonate equivalents.
• cationic polymer A polyelectrolyte with a net positive electrical charge.
• Cat-Ox™ Catalytic oxidation system by Catalytic Combustion Corp.
• caustic Alkaline or basic.
• caustic scrubbing An air pollution control process using a solution of sodium hydroxide to remove sulfur dioxide from .ue gases.
• caustic soda Common term for sodium hydroxide. Chemical formula is NaOH.
• cavitation (1) A selective corrosion that results from the collapse of air or vapor bubbles with suf.cient force to cause metal loss or pitting. (2) The action of a pump attempting to discharge more water than suction can provide.
• CBG Clean burning gasoline.
• CBOD See “carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD).”
• cc See “cubic centimeter (cc).”
• CCB Coal combustion by-products.
• CCC Streaming current coagulation control center by Milton Roy Co.
• CCC Compromised container caps.
• CCE See “carbon chloroform extract (CCE).”
• CCOHS Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety.
• CCPP Calcium carbonate precipitation potential.
• CCS2000™ Clari.er control system by Drexelbrook Engineering Co.
• CD See “corona discharge method (CD).”
• CD ozone generation Ozone discharge technology most frequently used in the potable water industry.
• CDC See “Centers for Disease Control (CDC).”
• CDI® Continuous deionization process which regenerates resins with electricity by USFilter/Lowell.
• CDT Capacitive deionization technology.
• CE rule See “Credible Evidence rule (CE rule).”
• CE-Bauer Former screening equipment supplier acquired by Andritz-Ruthner, Inc.
• Cecarbon® Granular activated carbon by Elf Atochem North America, Inc.
• Cecasorb® Adsorbent canisters containing activated carbon by Elf Atochem North America, Inc.
• CEDI Continuous electrodeionization.
• Celatom® Diatomite .lter aid by Eagle-Picher Minerals, Inc.
• CELdek Synthetic media for evaporative cooling systems by Munters.
• Celgard® Microporous, .at sheet, and hollow .ber membranes by Celgard LLC.
• cells (1) In solid waste disposal, holes where waste is dumped, compacted, and covered with layers of dirt on a daily basis. (2) The smallest structural part of living matter capable of functioning as an independent unit.
• cellulose acetate (CA) A plastic material used to make the cellulosic-type semi­permeable reverse osmosis membranes.
• Celsius (C) The SI temperature scale on which 0° is the freezing point and 100° is the boiling point of water. Often referred to as the “centigrade” scale.
• CEM See “continuous emissions monitoring (CEM).”
• CEMA Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers Association.
• CEMcat™ Continuous emissions monitor by Advanced Sensor Devices, Inc.
• cement A powder that when mixed with water binds a stone and sand mixture into strong concrete when dry.
• cement kiln dust Alkaline material produced during the manufacture of cement that may be used to stabilize sludge.
• cementing The process of pumping a cement slurry into a drilled hole and/or forced behind the casing.
• CEMS Continuous emissions monitoring systems.
• Censys™ Water and wastewater treatment products by USFilter/Lowell.
• Centaur® Activated carbon by Calgon Carbon Corp.
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC) A U.S. Department of Health agency respon­sible for surveillance of disease patterns, developing disease control and pre­vention procedures, and public health education.
• Center-Slung Basket centrifuge by Baker Process/Ketema.
• centigrade Colloquial term for the Celsius scale of temperature measurement.
• centipose A unit of the dynamic viscosity of a liquid. The dynamic viscosity of water at 20°C is 1 centipose.
• Centrac Metering pump by Milton Roy Co.
• Centra-.o™ Continuously backwashed gravity sand .lter by Applied Process Technology, Inc.
• centrate The liquid remaining after solids have been removed in a centrifuge.
• Centri-Cleaner® Liquid cyclone by Andritz-Ruthner, Inc.
• Centrico Sludge dewatering decanter centrifuge by Westfalia Separator, Inc.
• Centridry® Biosolids dewatering and drying process by Baker Process.
• CentriField® Wet scrubber by Entoleter, Inc.
• centrifugal collector A mechanical system using centrifugal force to remove aero­sols from a gas stream or to dewater sludge.
• centrifugal pump A pump with a high speed impeller that relies on centrifugal force to throw incoming liquid to the periphery of the impeller housing where velocity is converted to head pressure.
• centrifugation The use of centrifugal force to separate solids from liquids based on density differences.
• centrifuge A dewatering device relying on centrifugal force to separate particles of varying density such as water and solids.
• Centripress® Solid bowl centrifuge by Baker Process.
• CenTROL® Gravity cluster sand .lter by USFilter/General Filter.
• Centrox® Aspirating aerators by Hazleton Environmental, Inc.
• CEQ Council on Environmental Quality.
• Cerabar Pressure transmitter by Endress+Hauser.
• Cera.o® Ceramic membrane .lters by USFilter/General Filter.
• Ceramic. Ceramic .lter tube by Coors Ceramics Co.
• CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. Also known as Superfund.
• CERMS Continuous emissions rate monitoring system.
• cesspool A covered tank with open joints constructed in permeable soil to receive raw domestic wastewater and allow partially treated ef.uent to seep into the surrounding soil while solids are contained and undergo digestion.
• CETCO Colloid Environmental Technologies Co.
• CETCO.oc™ Specialty water treatment chemicals by Colloid Environmental Technologies Co.
• CF200™ Fine band screen by Brackett Geiger.
• CFB Circulating .uidized bed.
• CFC See “chloro.uorocarbon (CFC).”
• CFR Code of Federal Regulations.
• cfs Cubic feet per second.
• CFSTR Continuous .ow, stirred-tank reactor.
• CFU See “colony forming units (CFU).”
• CGMP Current good manufacturing practice.
• Chabelco Chain products marketed by USFilter/Envirex.
• chain and .ight collector A sludge collector mechanism utilized in rectangular sedimentation basins or clari.ers.
• chain of custody The documentation maintained regarding all personnel involved in the handling, storage, and analysis of hazardous waste samples from the point where samples are prepared though the point of .nal disposal.
• Chainbelt Former name of USFilter/Envirex parent company.
• Chainsaver Rim Sludge collector sprockets with wear rim by Jeffrey Chain Corp.
• chamber A compartment or space enclosed by walls; often pre.xed by a descrip­tive word indicating its function, such as grit chamber, screen chamber, dis­charge chamber, or .ushing chamber.
• channel (1) A perceptible natural or arti.cial waterway that contains moving water or forms a connecting link between two bodies of water. (2) The deep portion of a river or waterway where the main current .ows. (3) The part of a body of water deep enough to be used for navigation through an area otherwise too shallow for navigation.
• Channel Flow Sewage disintegrator by C&H Waste Processing.
• Channel Master® Fine screen by Hans Huber GmbH.
• Channel Mitt™ Shaftless spiral screening and dewatering device by WesTech Engineering Inc.
• Channel Monster® In-channel solids reduction unit by JWC Environmental.
• Channel Piranha Sewage shredder by ZMI/Portec Chemical Processing.
• ChannelAire™ Submersible aerator/mixer by ABS Pumps, Inc.
• channeling A condition that occurs in a .lter or other packed bed when water .nds furrows or channels through which it can .ow without effective contact with the bed.
• char To reduce to charcoal by burning.
• characteristic hazardous waste A waste material declared hazardous because it exhibits ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic characteristics.
• charge density In a polyelectrolyte, the charge density is the mole ratio of the charged monomers to noncharged monomers.
• Chargepac® Coagulant used in water and wastewater treatment by Ashland Chem­ical, Drew Industrial.
• Charles’ Law The volume of gas at constant pressure varies in direct proportion to the absolute temperature.
• check valve A valve that opens in the direction of normal .ow and closes with .ow reversal.
• Check Well Well level measuring device by Drexelbrook Engineering Company.
• chelating agent A compound that is soluble in water and combines with metal ions to keep them in solution. See also “sequestering agent.”
• chelation A chemical complexing of metallic cations with organic compounds to prevent precipitation of the metals. See also “sequestration.”
• Chem-Clean® Grease and oil removal system for tertiary .ltration by USFil­ter/Zimpro.
• Chem-Feed® Chemical metering injection pump by Blue-White Industries.
• Chem-Fine™ Pleated .lter cartridge by USFilter/Filtration & Separation.
• Chem-Flex® Portable holding tank by Aero Tec Laboratories, Inc.
• Chem-Gard® Direct and magnetically driven centrifugal pumps by Vanton Pump & Equipment Corp.
• chemical feeder A device used to dispense chemicals at a predetermined rate.
• chemical .xation The transformation of a chemical compound to a new, nontoxic form.
• chemical oxidation The oxidation of compounds in water or wastewater by chemical means. Typical oxidants include ozone, chlorine, or potassium permanganate.
• chemical oxygen demand (COD) A measurement of biodegradable and nonbio­degradable (refractory) organic matter, widely used as a means of measuring the strength of domestic and industrial wastewaters.
• chemical sludge Sludge resulting from chemical treatment processes of inorganic wastes which are not biologically active.
• chemical treatment Any water or wastewater treatment process involving the addition of chemicals to obtain a desired result such as precipitation, coagu­lation, .occulation, sludge conditioning, disinfection, or odor control.
• chemically emulsi.ed oil particles These are usually less than 1 micron in size
• and will not separate or rise to the surface no matter how much time is allowed. Chemidisk™ Rotating biological contactor by CMS Group, Inc. Cheminjector-D® Diaphragm-metering pump by PennProcess Technologies, Inc. chemisorption The formation of an irreversible chemical bond between the sor­
• bate molecule and the surface of the adsorbent. Chemix Dry polymer mixing and feeding unit by Semblex, Inc. chemnet Mutual aid network of chemical shippers and contractors who assign a
• contracted emergency response company to provide technical support if a representative of the .rm whose chemicals are involved in an incident is not readily available.
• chemocline A zone of a lake or reservoir in which the concentration of dissolved
• substances changes rapidly with depth. Chemomat Electrochemical membrane cell separation system by Ionics, Inc. chemostat An apparatus designed to grow bacteria cultures at controlled rates. chemosterilant A chemical that controls pests by preventing reproduction. chemotrophs Organisms that extract energy from organic and inorganic oxida­
• tion/reduction reactions. Chem-Scale™ Weighing scale for vertical chemical tanks by Force Flow Equipment. ChemScan Process analyzers by Applied Spectometry. ChemSensor® VOC monitor by Osmonics, Inc. ChemSpec® Air sampler by Rupprecht & Patashnick Inc. Chemterc The industry-sponsored Chemical Transportation Emergency Center which
• provides information and/or emergency assistance to emergency responders. Chem-Tower® Bulk chemical feeding unit by Smith & Loveless, Inc. Chemtrac® Streaming current monitoring systems by Chemtrac Systems, Inc. Chemtube® Diaphragm-metering pump by USFilter/Wallace & Tiernan. Chernobyl Ukrainian town that was the site of a 1986 nuclear power plant accident
• where radiation to the environment was released. Chevron™ Clari.er tube settlers by USFilter/Warren. Chicago Pump Product group of Yeomans Chicago Corp. chicane A plow or other obstacle used on a belt thickener or belt press to mix or
• turn sludge to facilitate sludge dewatering. chimney effect The tendency of air or gas in a vertical passage to rise when it is heated because its density is lower than the surrounding air or gas.
• Chi-X® Odor control product by NuTech Environmental Corp.
• chloramines Disinfecting compounds containing nitrogen, chlorine, and hydrogen formed by the reaction between hypochlorous acid, ammonia, and/or organic amines in water. Also called “combined available chlorine.”
• Chlor-A-Vac™ Gas induction systems by Capital Controls Co.
• Chlorgen+™ Chlorine gas generator by Inchen USA, Inc.
• chloride (1) The ionic form of the element chlorine where the atom has gained one electron, whose chemical symbol is Cl–. (2) Any salt containing the Cl– anion.
• chlorinated (1) The condition of water or wastewater that has been treated with chlorine. (2) A description of an organic compound to which chlorine atoms have been added.
• chlorination The addition of chlorine to a water or wastewater, usually for the purpose of disinfection.
• chlorinator A metering device used to add chlorine gas or solutions to water or wastewater.
• chlorine An oxidant commonly used as a disinfectant in water and wastewater treatment. Chemical formula is Cl2.
• chlorine contact chamber A detention chamber to diffuse chlorine through water or wastewater while providing adequate contact time for disinfection.
• chlorine demand The difference in the amount of chlorine added to a water or wastewater and the amount of residual chlorine remaining after a speci.c contact duration, usually 15 minutes.
• chlorine dose The amount of chlorine applied to a liquid, usually expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or pounds per million gallons (lb/mil gal).
• chlorine residual The amount of chlorine remaining in water after application at some prior time; the difference between the total chlorine added and that consumed by oxidizable matter. See “free chlorine residual.”
• chlorine tablets Common term for pellets of solidi.ed chlorine compounds such as calcium hypochlorite used for water disinfection.
• chlorine toxicity The detrimental effects on biota caused by the inherent proper­ties of chlorine.
• chlorite Any salt of chlorous acid containing the monovalent radical ClO2.
• ChlorMaster™ Sodium hypochlorite generation system by Pepcon Systems, Inc.
• Chloro-Cat™ Catalytic oxidizer by Global Technologies.
• chloro.uorocarbon (CFC) Ozone-depleting compounds containing carbon and one or more halogens, usually .uorine, chlorine, or bromine which have been used as commercial refrigerants and propellants in aerosol sprays.
• chloroform A trihalomethane formed by the reaction of chlorine and organic material in water. Chemical formula is CHCl3.
• Chloromatic Electrolytic chlorine generator by Brinecell, Inc.
• Chloropac® Hypochlorite generation system by USFilter/Electrocatalytic.
• chlorophenoxy A class of herbicides that may be found in domestic water supplies and may cause adverse health effects.
• chlorosis Discoloration of normally green plant parts caused by disease, lack of nutrients, or various air pollutants.
• Chlor-Scale™ Weighing device for chlorine ton containers by Force Flow Equipment.
• Chlortrol Residual chlorine analyzer by Bailey-Fischer & Porter.
• cholera An acute, highly infectious disease of the gastrointestinal tract caused by the waterborne bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
• cholinesterase An enzyme necessary to control the proper transmission of nerve impulses within the body, and whose inhibition is characteristic of the toxicity of some classes of pesticides, e.g., organophosphates.
• chopper pump Pump that chops solids between the impeller and .xed cutter bar.
• C-horizon The unaltered soil layer underlying the B-horizon containing a mini­mum of soil fauna and .ora.
• chromatography The separation of a mixture into its component compounds according to their relative af.nity for a solvent system or column media.
• Chromaver Chemical reagents used to determine presence of chromates in solu­tions by Hach Company.
• chromium See “heavy metals.”
• chronic effect An adverse effect on a human or animal in which symptoms recur frequently or develop slowly over a long period of time.
• chronic toxicity test Test method used to determine the concentration of a sub­stance that produces an adverse effect on a test organism over an extended period of time.
• Ci See “curie (Ci).”
• CICA Confederation of International Contractors Association.
• Cide-Trak™ Biocide monitoring system by Azur Environmental.
• CIP See “clean-in-place (CIP).”
• Cipolletti weir A weir having a trapezoidal-shaped notch.
• circle of in.uence The circular outer edge of a depression produced in the water table by the pumping of water from a well. See also “cone of in.uence” and “cone of depression.”
• Circox® High-rate aerobic reactor by CBI Walker, Inc.
• CirculAire™ Aspirating aerator by Aeration Industries, Inc.
• Circuline Circular sludge collector product line by USFilter/Envirex.
• Circumfed Dissolved air .otation unit by Tenco Hydro, Inc.
• cistern A small covered tank for storing water, usually placed underground.
• CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.
• citric acid A crystalline acid present in citrus fruits. Chemical formula is C6H8O7•H20.
• CIWEM The Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management. Also known as “IWEM.”
• CIX™ Ion exchange wastewater treatment/metals recovery system by Kinetico Engineered Systems, Inc.
• Cl2 See “chlorine.”
• CLAM® Cleansimatic liquid analysis meter by Monitek Technologies, Inc.
• Clar+Ion® Cationic coagulants and .occulants by General Chemical Corp.
• Claraetor Circular clari.er with aeration compartment formerly offered by GL&V/Dorr-Oliver, Inc.
• ClarAtor® Clari.er technology by Waterlink/Aero-Mod Systems.
• Claribloc® Compact physical/chemical water treatment plant by USFilter/Krüger (North America) and OTV.
• ClariCone™ Solids contact clari.er by CBI Walker, Inc.
• clari.cation Any process or combination of processes whose primary purpose is to reduce the concentration of suspended matter in a liquid.
• clari.er A quiescent tank used to remove suspended solids by gravity settling. Also called sedimentation or settling basins, they are usually equipped with a motor driven chain and .ight or rake mechanism to collect settled sludge and move it to a .nal removal point.
• Clari.o® Water and wastewater treatment process technology by USFilter/Krüger (North America) and OTV.
• Clari-Float® Package wastewater treatment plant including dissolved air .otation by Tenco Hydro, Inc.
• ClariFloc® Polyelectrolyte used to enhance liquid/solid separation by Polydyne, Inc.
• Clari.occulator Combination clari.er and .occulator by GL&V/Dorr-Oliver, Inc.
• ClariFlow Up.ow clari.er products by Walker Process Equipment.
• Clarigester Two-story tank combining clari.cation and digestion by GL&V/Dorr-Oliver, Inc.
• Clarion® Absorption media by Colloid Environmental Technologies Co.
• Claripak Up.ow, inclined plate clari.er by USFilter/Aerator Products.
• Clarisep™ Oily wastewater ultra.ltration system by Pall Corp.
• ClariShear™ Floating sludge collector by Techni.o Systems.
• ClariThickener™ Combination clari.er and thickener by Baker Process.
• Clari-Trac® Track-mounted siphon sludge removal system for rectangular clari.­ers by F.B. Leopold Co., Inc.
• Clari-Vac® Floating bridge type siphon sludge removal unit for rectangular clari­.ers by F.B. Leopold Co., Inc.
• Clar-i-vator® Solids contact clari.er by Smith & Loveless, Inc.
• Clar-O-Floc™ Hopper-bottom clari.er by Alar Engineering Corp.
• Clar-Vac Induced and dissolved air .otation systems by Dontech, Inc.
• classi.er A device used to separate constituents according to relative sizes or densities.
• clathrate A compound formed by the inclusion of molecules in cavities formed by crystal lattices.
• clay A .ne-grained earthy material that is plastic when wet, rigid when dried, and vitri.ed when .red to high temperatures.
• clay liner A layer of low permeability soil added to the bottom and sides of an earthen basin for use as a disposal site or pond to limit in.ltration to the underlying rock and soil strata.
• ClaySorb Granular, organically modi.ed clay .ltration medium for removing emulsi.ed oil and grease by TurnKey Solutions, Inc.
• Clean Air Act (CAA) U.S. Federal law requiring the EPA to set air pollutant emission standards.
• Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) Amendments issued in 1990 to expand the EPA’s enforcement powers and place restrictions on air emissions.
• Clean Chemicals High purity chemicals for laboratory use only by Hach Company.
• clean fuels Blends or substitutes for gasoline fuels, including compressed natural gas, methanol, ethanol, lique.ed petroleum gas, and others.
• Clean Shot Pneumatic solids delivery system by USFilter/CPC.
• Clean Squeeze™ Screenings washer and compactor by Schreiber Corp.
• Clean Water Act (CWA) 1972 U.S. federal law regulating surface water dis­charges; updated in 1987.
• Clean-A-Matic Self-cleaning basket strainer by GA Industries, Inc.
• clean-in-place (CIP) A method of cleaning a .lter medium or membrane to restore its performance without removing it from the system.
• Cleantec Grit recycling system by Brackett Geiger.
• clear cutting The practice of completely felling a stand of trees, usually followed by the replanting of a single species.
• Clear View™ Continuous emissions monitoring system by Goal Line Environ­mental Technologies.
• Clearcon Circular clari.er product line by Vulcan Industries, Inc.
• Clear.o Cylindrical clari.er by Roberts Filter Group.
• Clear-Flow™ Solids contact clari.er by Hi-Tech Environmental, Inc.
• Clearigate Algaecide by Applied Biochemists, Inc.
• clearwell A tank or reservoir of .ltered water used to backwash a .lter.
• Climber® Reciprocating rake bar screen by In.lco Degremont, Inc. (USA) and Brackett Geiger (Europe).
• ClimbeRack™ Bar screen gear rack that eliminates need for lubrication by In.lco Degremont, Inc.
• clinker A fused byproduct of the combustion of coal or other solid fuels.
• clino See “clinoptilolite.”
• clinoptilolite A naturally-occurring clay that can be used in an ion exchange process for ammonia removal.
• Cloromat® Sodium hypochlorite generator by Ionics, Inc.
• ClorTec® Hypochlorite-generating systems by ClorTec.
• close-coupled pump A pump coupled directly to a motor without gearing or belting.
• closed cycle cooling system A cooling water system in which heat is transferred by recirculating water contained within the system, producing a relatively small blowdown stream of concentrated solids.
• Clostridium botulinum Anaerobic microbe that causes botulism.
• closure plan Written plan to decommission and secure a hazardous waste man­agement facility.
• cloud A mass of small water droplets in the atmosphere which is not of suf.cient size to fall to the earth.
• Cloud Chamber Scrubber™ Wet scrubber technology by Tri-Mer Corp.
• cloud seeding The arti.cial introduction of chemicals such as silver iodide or dry ice into clouds to induce rain.
• CLP Contract laboratory program.
• CLR Process Closed loop reactor oxidation ditch process by Lakeside Equipment Corp.
• Cluster Rules An industry-speci.c, integrated regulation that controls the release of both air and water pollutants.
• CMA Chemical Manufacturers Association.
• CMF Continuous micro.ltration process.
• CMF-S Continuous micro.ltration system by USFilter/Memcor.
• CMP Chemical mechanical polishing.
• CO Carbon monoxide.
• CO2 See “carbon dioxide.”
• Coagblender Turbine type in-line and open channel mixers by USFilter/Aerator Products.
• coagulant A chemical added to initially destabilize, aggregate, and bind together colloids and emulsions to improve settleability, .lterability, or drainability.
• coagulant aid A material that improves the effectiveness of a coagulant by form­ing larger or heavier particles, speeds the reactions, or permits reduced coag­ulant dosage. Often referred to as a “.occulant.”
• coagulation The destabilization and initial aggregation of .nely divided suspended solids by the addition of a polyelectrolyte or a biological process.
• coal gasi.cation The conversion of solid coal to a gas mixture to be used as fuel.
• coal pile runoff Rainfall runoff from or through a coal storage pile.
• coalesce The merging of two droplets to form a single, larger droplet.
• Coanda effect The tendency of a liquid coming out of a nozzle or ori.ce to travel close to the wall contour even if the wall curves away from the jet’s axis.
• Coanda Tulip® Clari.er inlet distributor by Hans Huber GmbH.
• coarse bubble aeration An aeration system that utilizes submerged diffusers which release relatively large bubbles.
• coarse sand Sand particles, usually larger than 0.5 mm.
• coarse screen A screening device, usually having openings greater than 6 mm (0.25.).
• coastal reclamation Reclaiming land from shallow coastal areas of the sea by dumping rubble and refuse or constructing breakwaters, sea walls, and drain­age of the enclosed area.
• Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) Act requiring all federal agencies and permittees who conduct activities affecting a state’s coastal zone to comply with an approved state coastal zone management program.
• COC See “cycles of concentration (COC).”
• cocci Sphere-shaped bacteria.
• COD See “chemical oxygen demand (COD).”
• CODcr Notation used for “chemical oxygen demand” as determined using potas­sium dichromate and sulfuric acid.
• CodeLine™ Membrane pressure vessel housing by Advanced Structures, Inc.
• codisposal A method of sludge disposal where the sludge is mixed with sludges from different processes or with sorted refuse and incinerated, composted, or treated by pyrolysis prior to .nal disposal.
• CODmn Notation used for “chemical oxygen demand” as determined using per­manganate.
• coef.cient A numerical quantity, determined by experimental or analytical meth­ods, interposed in a formula that expresses the relationship between two or more variables to include the effect of special conditions or to correct a theoretical relationship to one found by experiment or actual practice.
• coef.cient of haze (COH) A measure of air visibility determined by the darkness of the stain remaining on white paper after it has been used to .lter air.
• Coex Seal™ Containment liner by National Seal Co.
• cofferdam A temporary dam, usually of sheet piling built to provide access to an area that is normally submerged.
• Co-.re Burning of two fuels in the same combustion unit, e.g., coal and natural gas or oil and coal.
• Cog Rake Reciprocating rake bar screen by USFilter/Headworks Products.
• CogBridge Traveling bridge sludge collector by Walker Process Equipment.
• cogen See “cogeneration.”
• cogeneration A power system that simultaneously produces both electrical and thermal energy from the same source.
• COH See “coef.cient of haze (COH).”
• cohort People assembled on the basis of a common characteristic and followed or traced over a period of time.
• cohort study An epidemiological study where population subgroups with a com­mon exposure to a suspected disease-causing agent are studied over time to determine the risk of developing disease.
• Coil.lter Rotary vacuum belt .lter by Komline-Sanderson Engineering Corp.
• coke The solid carbon residue resulting from the distillation of coal or petroleum. coke oven An industrial process which converts coal into coke, one of the basic materials used in blast furnaces for the conversion of iron ore into iron.
• coke tray aerator An aerator where water is sprayed or .ows over coke-.lled trays.
• cold lime-soda softening Lime-soda softening process of water treatment at ambi­ent temperatures.
• coliform bacteria A group of rod-shaped bacteria living in the intestines of humans and other warm-blooded animals and shed in their fecal material, and whose presence in water indicates that the water has received contamination of an intestinal origin.
• coliform index A rating of the purity of water based on a count of fecal bacteria.
• Colilert® Reagent used to detect and identify coliforms and E. coli by IDEXX Laboratories, Inc.
• coliphage A bacterial virus that uses E. coli as its host cell.
• ColiSure Coliform presence/absence test medium by Millipore Corp.
• Collectaire Airlift activated sludge removal system formerly offered by USFil­ter/Envirex.
• collection main The public sewer to which a building service or individual system is connected.
• collection system In wastewater, a system of conduits, generally underground pipes, that receives and conveys sanitary wastewater and/or storm water. In water supply, a system of conduits or canals used to capture a water supply
• and convey it to a common point. collector chain Chain used to convey the scraper in a rectangular sludge collector. Collision Scrubber™ Air pollution control scrubber by Monsanto Enviro-Chem
• Systems, Inc. colloid Suspended solid with a diameter less than one micron that can not be
• removed by sedimentation alone. Colloidair Separator™ Open basin DAF by USFilterCorp. colloidal Resembling or made up of colloids. colmatage The reversible portion of .ux decline in a membrane separation system. colony forming units (CFU) The number of bacteria present in a sample as deter­
• mined in a laboratory plate count test where the number of visible bacteria colony units present are counted.
• color Water condition resulting from presence of colloidal material (see “apparent color”) or organic matter (see “true color”) measured by visual comparison with lab prepared standards.
• color throw The discharge of color to the ef.uent of a .lter or ion exchange system.
• color units (CU) The unit used to report the color of water.
• colorimeter A photoelectric instrument used to measure the amount of light of a
• speci.c wavelength absorbed by a solution. Color-Katch™ Flocculant/coagulant by Kem-Tron. ColOX™ Fixed .lm aerobic bioreactor system by Tetra Process Technologies. Combi® Self-contained, prefabricated headworks system by Waterlink Separations,
• Inc. Combi-Guard Packaged screening unit by Andritz Sprout-Bauer S.A. combination chain Chain used in conveyor applications having cast block links
• with steel pins and connecting bars. combined available chlorine The concentration of chlorine combined with ammonia as chloramine, and still available to oxidize organic matter.
• combined cycle generation A gas turbine generator system where heat from tur­bine generator exhaust gases are recovered by a steam generating unit whose steam is used to drive a steam turbine generator.
• combined sewer A sewer used to receive sanitary wastewater, storm water, and surface water.
• combined sewer over.ow (CSO) Flow from a combined sewer that exceeds the capacity of the sewer system and is discharged directly to a receiving water during certain rainfall conditions.
• Combu-Changer® Regenerative oxidizer to control VOC emissions by ABB Air Preheater, Inc. combustible liquid Any liquid having a .ash point at or above 38°C (100°F) and below 93°C (200°F). combustibles Materials that can be ignited at a speci.c temperature in the presence
• of air to release heat. combustion gases The mixture of gases and vapors produced by burning. combustion product Substance produced during the burning or oxidation of a
• material.
• Combustrol® Fly ash conditioning treatment technology marketed by Wheelabra­tor Air Pollution Control, Inc.
• Comet Electrically driven rotary distributor for .xed .lm reactor by Simon-Hart­ley, Ltd.
• commercial waste Solid waste from non-manufacturing establishments such as of.ce buildings, markets, restaurants, and stores.
• commercial waste management facility A treatment, storage, disposal, or trans­fer facility which accepts waste from a variety of sources, as compared to a private facility which normally manages a limited waste stream generated by its own operations.
• commercial water use Potable water use in commercial enterprise providing sal­able goods or services.
• commingled recyclables Mixed recyclables that are collected together.
• comminute To crush, grind, or pulverize something into minute particles.
• comminutor A circular screen with cutters that grinds large sewage solids into smaller particles.
• Common Sense Initiative (CSI) A U.S. EPA program that encourages industry-speci.c, rather than pollution-speci.c, environmental protection measures.
• common wall construction A construction technique where adjacent concrete basins share a common wall to reduce construction costs.
• community water system (CWS) A public water system serving at least 25 year-round residents or having 15 or more connections used by year-round residents.
• Compact CDI® Continuous deionization product by USFilter/Lowell.
• Compact RO Reverse osmosis product by USFilter/Lowell.
• compaction (1) The reduction of the bulk of solid waste by rolling and tamping.
• (2) The reduction in thickness of a .lter medium or membrane as a result of pressure. Compaplate® Wide-gap welded heat exchanger for high fouling service by Alfa-Laval Separation, Inc.
• compensated hardness A calculated value based on total hardness, magnesium­to-calcium ratio, and sodium concentration used to correct for reductions in hardness removal capacity in zeolite exchange water softeners.
• competitive inhibition The situation that occurs when two compounds compete for the same enzyme, leading to interference in metabolism of one by the other.
• Completaire Package waste treatment plant with complete mix activated sludge formerly offered by USFilter/Envirex.
• complete treatment A method of treating water that consists of the addition of coagulant chemicals, .ash mixing, coagulation-.occulation, sedimentation, and .ltration. Also called conventional .ltration.
• completed test The third and last step in the analysis of water and wastewater for the presence of fecal bacteria. Positive cultures from previous tests are inoc­ulated and a gram stain is performed on isolated colonies.
• CompleTreator Package trickling .lter waste treatment plant formerly offered by GL&V/Dorr-Oliver, Inc. complexing The formation of a complex compound.
• Compliance Assurance Monitoring rule (CAM rule) The EPA Clear Air Act rule that lets a regulated industry select the means to demonstrate that its operation is within permit conditions.
• compliance coal Any coal that emits less than 1.2 pounds of sulfur dioxide per million Btu when burned. Also known as “low sulfur coal.”
• compliance cycle The 9-year calendar cycle, beginning January 1, 1993, during which public water systems must monitor. Each cycle consists of three 3-year compliance periods.
• Compliance Master™ Oil/water separator by Mercer International Inc.
• compliance schedule A negotiated agreement between a pollution source and a government agency that speci.es dates and procedures by which a source will reduce emissions and, thereby, comply with a regulation.
• Compmaster™ Composting computer process control system by USFilter/CPC.
• Component Clari.er Standard group of clari.er components and options that can be matched with an application’s requirements by Baker Process.
• composite sample A combination of individual samples of water or wastewater taken at preselected intervals to minimize the effect of variability of individual samples.
• compost The end product of composting.
• Compost-A-Matic Sludge composting system by Farmer Automatic of America, Inc.
• composting Stabilization process relying on the aerobic decomposition of organic matter in sludge by bacteria and fungi.
• compound A substance consisting of two or more independent elements that can only be separated by chemical reactions.
• Compound 146 Polyurethane material used for sprocket tooth insert by USFil-ter/Rex & Link-Belt Products.
• compression settling Phenomenon referring to sedimentation of particles in a concentrated suspension where further settling can occur only by compression of the existing structure of settled particles. Also called “type IV settling.”
• compressor A mechanical device used to increase the pressure of a gas or vapor.
• concentration (1) The amount of a substance dissolved or suspended in a unit volume of solution. (2) The process of increasing the amount of a substance per unit volume of solution.
• concentration factor A number indicating the number of times a solution may be concentrated.
• concentration polarization A phenomenon in which solutes form a dense, polar­ized layer next to a membrane surface which eventually restricts .ow through the membrane.
• concentration ratio The ratio of the concentration of solids in a water system to those of the dilute makeup water added to the system.
• Concord™ Catalytic incinerators by Catalytic Products International.
• concrete A mixture of water, sand, stone, and a binder that hardens to a stone-like mass.
• condensate Water obtained by evaporation and subsequent condensation.
• condensate polishing Treatment of condensate water to achieve required purity.
• condensation The change in state from vapor to liquid; the opposite of evaporation.
• Condense-A-Hood Air/odor collecting hoods by Bedminster Bioconversion Corp.
• condenser A heat transfer device used to cool steam and convert it from the vapor to liquid phase.
• Conden-Sorb™ VOC abatement system by M&W Industries, Inc.
• conditioning Pretreatment of a wastewater or sludge, usually be means of chem­icals, to facilitate removal of water in a subsequent thickening or dewatering process.
• conductance (1) A measure of a solution’s electrical conductivity that is equal to the reciprocal of the electrical resistance. (2) A rapid method of estimating the dissolved-solids content of a water sample by determining the capacity of a water sample to carry an electrical current.
• conduction The transfer of heat from one body to another by direct contact.
• conductivity The ability of a substance to conduct electricity; directly related to the mineral content of water.
• cone of depression A depression in the water table that develops around a pumped well.
• cone of in.uence The depression, roughly conical in shape, produced in the water table by the pumping of water from a well.
• Cone Screen Internally fed rotary .ne screen by Andritz-Ruthner, Inc. (Western Hemisphere) and USFilter/Contra-Shear.
• Conesep™ External regeneration technology for ion exchange systems by Glegg Water Conditioning Co.
• con.dence interval A computed interval with a speci.ed probability that contains the estimated value of a parameter.
• Con.gurator® Computerized process design and equipment selection tool by USFilter/Rockford.
• con.ned aquifer An aquifer in which groundwater is con.ned under pressure which is signi.cantly greater than atmospheric pressure.
• con.ned space A potentially hazardous space which has limited openings for entry and exit, unfavorable natural ventilation, and/or is not designed for continuous worker occupancy.
• con.rmed test The second of three steps in the analysis of water and wastewater for the presence of fecal bacteria. Positive cultures from the .rst, “presumptive test,” are inoculated and examined for fermentation after incubation. If fer­mentation is present, a third stage, the “completed test,” is performed.
• con.uence The point where the .ow of streams or rivers meet.
• con.uent growth A continuous bacterial growth covering the .ltration area of a membrane .lter, in which bacterial colonies are not discrete.
• congeal To thicken, jell, or solidify, usually by cooling or freezing.
• congenital Existing at or before birth, usually referring to an abnormal trait or disorder.
• conjunctive use The combined management of surface and groundwater supplies to provide a greater yield and/or more stable cost structure than operating two independent supplies.
• connate water Water trapped in sedimentary rocks during their formation, also known as “fossil water.”
• Conoscreen Rotating disc microscreen by Nuove Energie.
• consent decree A binding agreement by two parties in a lawsuit which settles all
• questions raised in the case and does not require additional judicial action. conservation The careful and organized management and use of natural resources. Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP) The U.S. Department
• of Agriculture program which gives farmers .nancial incentives for instituting
• conservation practices on their land. Consolidated Electric Product group integrated within USFilter/Control Systems. constant-rate .ltration Filter operation where .ow through the .lter is main­
• tained at a constant rate by an adjustable ef.uent control valve. constructed conveyance Arti.cial waterways including ditches, culverts, .umes,
• canals, or natural waterbodies that are altered by humans. consumptive waste Water that returns to the atmosphere without bene.cial use. ContaClari.er™ Up.ow buoyant media clari.er by Roberts Filter Group. Contac-Pac Circular steel contact aeration package waste treatment plant formerly
• offered by USFilter/Envirex. contact condenser A device in which steam is condensed through direct contact with a cooling liquid.
• contact .occulation A water treatment process in which coagulated water passes through a coarse media to enhance .oc formation prior to .ltration or sedi­mentation.
• contact pesticide A chemical that kills pests when it touches them instead of when it is ingested. contact process Wastewater treatment process where diffused air is bubbled over .xed media surfaces.
• contact stabilization process Modi.cation of the activated sludge process where raw wastewater is aerated with activated sludge for a short time prior to solids removal and continued aeration in a stabilization tank. Also called “biosorption process.”
• contact time The time in which a chemical is in contact with another reacting
• chemical or constituent. Container Filter Sedimentation basin by Flo Trend Systems, Inc. contaminant Any foreign component present in another substance. contamination The degradation of natural water, air, or soil quality resulting from
• human activity. Cont-Flo™ Back cleaned reciprocating rake bar screen by John Meunier, Inc. continental divide A watershed boundary separating rivers .owing in one direc­
• tion from those .owing in an opposite direction. continental drift A theory that continents shift their positions as a result of cur­
• rents in the molten rocks of the earth’s mantle. Continental® Water treatment products and systems by USFilter/Lowell. contingency plan A document setting out an organized, planned, and coordinated
• course of action to be followed in case of .re, explosion, or release of hazardous waste constituents which could threaten human health or the environment.
• contingent valuation survey (CVS) A survey technique for assigning value to injured natural resources based on respondents willingness to support various resources in monetary terms.
• continuous discharge A routine release to the environment that occurs without interruption, except for infrequent shutdowns for maintenance and process changes.
• continuous emissions monitoring The continuous measurement of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere from combustion or industrial processes.
• continuous sample A .ow of water from a particular place in a plant to the location where samples are collected for testing; may be used to obtain grab or composite samples.
• Continuous-Flo Traveling bridge .lter by USFilter/Zimpro.
• contract labs Laboratories under contract to the EPA that analyze samples taken from waste, soil, air, and water or carry out research projects.
• contract operations Private operation of municipal facilities such as water and wastewater treatment plants.
• contracted weir A rectangular notched weir having a crest width narrower than the channel within which it is installed.
• Contra.o® Solids contact reactor clari.er by USFilter/General Filter.
• Contra.ux® Countercurrent-activated carbon adsorption unit by Graver Co.
• contrail A visible trail of cloud-like condensed water vapor often forming in the wake of an airplane .ying in clear skies. Also called a “vapor trail.”
• Contra-Shear® Screening equipment product line by Andritz-Ruthner, Inc. (West­ern Hemisphere) and USFilter/Contra-Shear.
• Contreat® Aerobic wastewater treatment package plant by EnviroSystems Supply.
• control technique guidelines (CTG) EPA documents issued to assist state and local pollution control authorities to achieve and maintain air quality standards for certain sources through reasonably available control technologies.
• controlled reaction A chemical reaction under temperature and pressure condi­tions maintained within safe limits to produce a desired product or process.
• convection The transfer of heat by a moving .uid such as air or water.
• conventional systems Systems that have been traditionally used to collect munic­ipal wastewater in gravity sewers and convey it to a central primary or sec­ondary treatment plant prior to discharge to surface waters.
• conversion See “recovery.”
• Convertofuser® Wide band coarse bubble diffuser with .ne sheath by USFil­ter/Diffused Air Products Group.
• conveyance loss Water loss in pipes, channels, conduits, or ditches by leakage or evaporation.
• cooling pond A pond where water is cooled by contact with air prior to reuse or discharge.
• cooling tower An open water recirculating device that uses fans or natural draft to draw or force ambient air through the device to cool warm water by direct contact.
• cooling tower blowdown A sidestream of water discharged from a cooling tower recirculation system to prevent scaling or precipitation of saturated salts or minerals.
• cooling water Water used, usually in a condenser, to reduce the temperature of liquids or gases.
• COP™ Clari.er optimization program by WesTech Engineering, Inc.
• Copa CSO Screen CSO screen by Waste-Tech, Inc.
• Copa Screen Packaged screening and dewatering unit by Longwood Engineering Co, Ltd.
• CopaClari.er Secondary clari.ers with .lter brushes by Copa Group.
• Copa-NILL Tipping bucket CSO tank .ush system by Waste-Tech, Inc. (U.S.) and Copa Group (U.K.).
• Copasacs Fine screening sack by NSW Corp. (U.S.) and Copa Group (U.K.).
• Copasocks Sock-type screening sack by Copa Group.
• Copatrawl Sock-type screening sack by NSW Corp. (U.S.) and Copa Group (U.K.).
• Copawash Rotating boom wash system for stormwater tanks by Waste-Tech, Inc. (U.S.) and Copa Group (U.K.).
• CopaWets Chemical coagulation and .occulation process for wastewater treatment by Copa Group.
• coping The top or covering of an exterior masonry wall.
• Coplastix® Synthetic composite sluice gates and stop logs by Ashbrook Corp. (U.S.) and Simon-Hartley, Ltd. (U.K.).
• copper sulfate Chemical used for algae control, also called “blue vitriol.” Chem­ical formula is CuSO4.
• copperas Common name for ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, a common coagulant. Chemical formula is FeSO4-7H2O.
• copper-nickel A copper alloy containing 10 to 30% nickel to increase resistance to corrosion and stress corrosion cracking.
• coral Calcium carbonate skeletal structures of the Anthozoa class of marine polyps often deposited in large masses forming reefs and atolls in tropical seas.
• coral reef A ridge composed primarily of coral lying at or near the surface of a tropical sea.
• Core Separator Particulate control device for gaseous emissions by LSR Technol­ogies, Inc.
• corner sweep Scraper used to remove sludge from the corner of a square clari.er. corona (1) The layer of ionized gas surrounding the sun. (2) A sometimes visible electric discharge resulting from a partial electric breakdown in a gas.
• corona discharge method (CD) A method of producing ozone where air or oxygen is passed between two electodes and the subsequent application of a high voltage results in a corona discharge, producing ozone as a result of power dissipation.
• Corosex® Processed magnesia used in .lters to neutralize acidity by Clack Corp.
• Cor-Pak® Catalytic oxidizer system by ABB Air Preheater, Inc.
• corporate average fuel economy standard (CAFE) A 1978 standard that enhanced the national fuel conservation effort, imposing a miles-per-gallon .oor for motor vehicles.
• corrosion Attack on material through chemical or electrochemical reaction with surrounding medium.
• corrosive The characteristic of a chemical agent that reacts with the surface of a material causing it to deteriorate or wear away.
• corrugated plate interceptor (CPI) Oil separation device utilizing inclined cor­rugated plates to separate free nonemulsi.ed oil and water based on their density difference.
• Corten High strength, low alloy steel with enhanced atmospheric corrosion resis­tance by US Steel Corp.
• corundum See “alumina.”
• Cosmos® Suspended solids monitoring system by GLI International.
• cost recovery A legal process by which potentially responsible parties who contrib­uted to contamination at a Superfund site can be required to reimburse the trust fund for money spent during any cleanup actions by the federal government.
• Costar Product line of by Corning, Inc.
• Counter Current® Aeration process using rotating diffusers suspended from a rotating bridge by Schreiber Corp.
• coupon test A method of determining the rate of corrosion or scale formation by placing metal strips, or coupons, of a known weight in a tank or pipe.
• cover material Soil or other suitable material used to cover solid wastes in a sanitary or secure land.ll.
• Covertite Clear span wastewater treatment tank cover by Thermacon Enviro Sys­tems, Inc.
• CPC Chemical protective clothing.
• CPC Engineering Former name of USFilter/CPC.
• CPI (1) See “corrugated plate interceptor (CPI).” (2) Chemical process industry.
• CPM Critical path method.
• CPSC Consumer Products Safety Commission.
• CPVC Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride. A chlorinated form of PVC that provides increased heat resistance.
• cracking A thermal process in which petroleum distillates or residues are broken down into products having lower boiling points and of altered chemical con­stitutions.
• cradle-to-grave Hazardous waste management concept that attempts to track haz­ardous waste from its generation point (cradle) to its ultimate disposal point (grave).
• Crane® Water treatment product line by Cochrane Inc.
• Crawler Bar screen by Vulcan Industries, Inc.
• Credible Evidence rule (CE Rule) The EPA Clear Air Act rule allowing industry, regulatory agencies, or the public to use any credible evidence or information to show compliance or non-compliance with emissions standards and limitations.
• creek (1) A stream, usually .owing into a river, or serving as a natural drainage course for a basin. (2) A narrow tidal inlet through a coastal marsh.
• Crenothrix polyspora A genus of .lamentous bacteria that utilize iron in their metabolism and cause staining, plugging, and taste and odor problems in water systems. See also “iron bacteria.”
• CREP See “Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program.”
• crest gate A gate installed on the crest of a spillway or dam used to vary the discharge.
• crevice corrosion Localized corrosion in narrow crevices .lled with liquid.
• Crisafulli Former name of SRS Crisafulli, Inc.
• criteria pollutants The major air pollutants, including carbon monoxide, hydro­carbons, lead, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and suspended partic­ulates, for which the U.S. EPA has established ambient air quality standards.
• critical .ow The rate of .ow of a .uid equal to the speed of sound in that .uid.
• critical pitting temperature A value used to compare a material’s resistance to pitting corrosion.
• critical point The combination of pressure and temperature at which point a gas and liquid become indistinguishable.
• critical pressure The minimum pressure necessary to liquefy a gas that is at critical temperature.
• critical temperature The temperature above which a gas cannot be lique.ed solely by an increase in pressure.
• Cromaglass Batch treatment wastewater system by Cromaglass Corp.
• cross collector A mechanical sludge collector mechanism extending the width of one or more longitudinal sedimentation basins, and used to consolidate and convey accumulated sludge to a .nal removal point.
• cross connection A physical connection in a plumbing system through which a potable water supply could be contaminated.
• Cross/Counte.o Inclined plate clari.er by USFilter/Zimpro.
• Cross-Flo® Inclined static screen by Kason Corp.
• cross.ow .ltration Method of .ltration where the feed stream .ows parallel to the surface of the .lter medium and only a portion of the feed passes through the .lter.
• Cross.ow Fouling Index™ Membrane fouling test index by BetzDearborn-Argo District.
• crosslinkage The degree of bonding of a monomer or set of monomers to form an insoluble, three-dimensional resin matrix.
• Crouzat™ Water treatment products and systems by USFilter Corp.
• Crown® Self-priming sewage pump product line by Crane Pumps & Systems.
• Crown Press™ Sludge dewatering test device by Phipps & Bird.
• CRP® Continuous recirculation sludge mixing process for anaerobic digesters by USFilter/Envirex.
• CRT Cell residence time.
• crude oil Unre.ned petroleum as produced from underground formations.
• crumb rubber Ground or shredded rubber produced by shredding used in auto­mobile tires that can be recycled in asphalt-rubber or other products.
• crypto See “Cryptosporidium.”
• cryptosporidiosis Gastrointestinal disease caused by the ingestion of waterborne Cryptosporidium parvum, often resulting from drinking water contaminated by runoff from pastures or farmland.
• Cryptosporidium A protozoan parasite that can live in the intestines of humans and animals.
• Cryptosporidium parvum A species of Cryptosporidium known to infect humans.
• crystal A homogenous chemical substance that has a de.nite geometric shape with .xed angles between its faces, having distinct edges or faces.
• Crystalactor A device which softens water, removes phosphates, and recovers heavy metals from wastewater by DHV Water BV.
• crystalline Having a regular molecular structure evidenced by crystals.
• crystallization The process of forming crystals.
• crystallizer Common term for a forced circulation evaporator.
• CSA Canadian Standards Association.
• CSF Coagulation, sedimentation, .ltration.
• CSI See “Common Sense Initiative (CSI).”
• CSO Combined sewer over.ow.
• CSP Concrete surface pro.le.
• CSPE Chlorosulphonated polyethylene.
• CSS™ Wet scrubber technology by Tri-Mer Corp.
• CSTR Completely stirred tank reactor.
• CT value See “C × T.”
• CU See “color units (CU).”
• cubic centimeter (cc) A volume measurement equal in capacity to one milliliter (ml). One quart is approximately 946 cubic centimeters.
• cubic meter (m3) A volume measurement equal to 1000 liters or 264.2 gallons. One cubic meter of water weighs approximately 1 metric ton.
• Cullar® Activated carbon .lter by Culligan International Corp.
• cullet Crushed glass.
• Cullex Softening resin by Culligan International Corp.
• Cullsorb Greensand .lter by Culligan International Corp.
• culm Coal dust or anthracite tailings.
• cultural eutrophication Increasing rate at which water bodies “die” by pollution from human activities.
• culture A microbial growth developed by furnishing suf.cient nutrients in a suit­able environment.
• culvert An enclosed channel serving as a continuation of an open stream where a stream meets a roadway or other barrier.
• cumulative exposure The summation of exposures of an organism to a chemical over a period of time.
• cup screen A single entry, double exit drum screen.
• cupric Of, or containing copper.
• cupric sulfate Copper sulfate.
• cupro-nickel An alloy of copper containing up to 40% nickel.
• curb stop A water service shutoff valve located in a water service pipe near the curb and between the water main and the building.
• curie (Ci) A unit of radioactivity equal to 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations per second; 1 gram of radium has 1 Ci of radioactivity.
• Currie Clari.er Circular clari.er with aeration compartment formerly offered by GL&V/Dorr-Oliver, Inc.
• curtain wall An external wall that is not load bearing, usually refering to a wall that extends down below the surface of the water to prevent .oating objects from entering a screen forebay.
• cutaneous Relating to the skin.
• Cutrine®-Plus Algaecide/herbicide by Applied Biochemists, Inc.
• Cuver Chemical used in detect waterborne copper by Hach Company.
• CVOC Chlorinated volatile organic compound.
• CVS See “contingent valuation survey (CVS).”
• CWA See “Clean Water Act (CWA).”
• CWAs Chemical warfare agents.
• CWS See “community water system (CWS).”
• CW-SRF Clean Water State Revolving Fund.
• cwt Hundredweight.
• Cyanamer® Scale inhibitors and dispersants by Cytec Industries, Inc.
• cyanazine A common and potentially carcinogenic herbicide sometimes found in drinking water.
• cyanide A compound containing a CN group, usually extremely poisonous, often used in electroplating and other chemical processes.
• Cybreak™ Emulsion breaker by Cytec Industries, Inc.
• Cycle-Let® Wastewater treatment and recycling system by Zenon Environmental, Inc.
• cycles of concentration (COC) The ratio of the total dissolved solids concentra­tion in a recirculating water system to the total dissolved solids concentration of the makeup water.
• Cyclesorb® Granular activated carbon adsorption system by Calgon Carbon Corp.
• Cyclo® Speed reducer and gearmotor product line by Sumitomo Machinery Corp.
• Cyclo Blower Air blower by Gardner Denver Blower Division.
• Cyclo Grit Washer Inclined screw type grit washer and dewatering unit by Baker Process.
• Cyclo/Phram® Rotary plunger metering pump by BIF.
• CycloClean™ Hydrocyclone separator by Krebs Engineers.
• Cyclo.oc Method for increasing clari.er rise rates by USFilter/Krüger.
• Cy-Clo-Grit Prefabricated cyclonic grit collector by Waste-Tech, Inc.
• Cyclo-Hearth Multiple hearth furnace by USFilter/Zimpro.
• Cyclo-Jet™ Floating self-aspirating aerator by Waterlink Biological Systems.
• Cyclone™ Coarse bubble diffuser by Aeromix Systems, Inc.
• Cyclospora A family of protozoan organisms that are thought to cause waterborne disease.
• CycloSpray® Fixed media .lter by Lighthouse Separation Systems, Inc.
• Cyclotherm Sludge heat exchanger by USFilter/Envirex.
• Cyclo-Treat™ Cyclone separator by USFilter/Envirex.
• Cygnet Rotary distributor for .xed .lm reactor by Simon-Hartley, Ltd.
• cyst A resting stage formed by some bacteria and protozoa in which the whole cell is surrounded by a protective layer.
• cytotoxin Any material toxic to cells.
• CZMA See “Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA).”

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