عرض مصدر مضاد القيء

 الصفحة تحتاج إلى ترجمة .......

An '''antiemetic''' is a [[medication|drug]] that is effective against [[vomit]]ing and [[nausea]]. Antiemetics are typically used to treat [[motion sickness]] and the [[Adverse effect (medicine)|side effects]] of [[opioid]] [[analgesic]]s, [[general anaesthetic]]s, and [[chemotherapy]] directed against [[cancer]]. 

Anti-emetics are also used for [[morning sickness]], but there is little information about the effect on the fetus, and doctors prefer not to use them unless it is strictly necessary.<ref>{{citation |title= Practical Selection of Antiemetics |author= Zachary A. Flake, Robert D. Scalley, Austin G. Bailey |journal= [[Am Fam Physician]] |year= 2004 Mar 1st |volume= 69 |issue= 5 |pages= 1169–1174 | url= http://www.aafp.org/afp/2004/0301/p1169.html }}</ref>
__TOC__

==Types of antiemetics==
Antiemetics include:
*[[5-HT3 antagonist|5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptor antagonists]] – these block [[serotonin]] receptors in the [[central nervous system]] and [[gastrointestinal tract]]. As such, they can be used to treat post-operative and cytotoxic drug nausea & vomiting.  However, they can also cause [[Constipation]], [[Diarrhea]], [[Drymouth]], and [[Fatigue (medical)|Fatigue]].  <ref name="mesotheliomaweb"> http://www.mesotheliomaweb.org/mesothelioma/treatment/chemotherapy/anti-nausea-treatment/ </ref>
** [[Dolasetron]] ('''Anzemet''') - can be administered in tablet form or in an injection.
** [[Granisetron]] ('''Kytril''', '''Sancuso''') - can be administered in tablet (Kytril), oral solution (Kytril), injection (Kytril), or in a single transdermal patch to the upper arm (SANCUSO).
** [[Ondansetron]] ('''Zofran''') - administered in an oral tablet form, oral dissolving tablet form, or in an injection.
** [[Tropisetron]] ('''Navoban''') - can be administered in oral capsules or in injection form.
** [[Palonosetron]] ('''Aloxi''') - can be administered in an injection or in oral capsules.
** [[Mirtazapine]] ('''Remeron'''), an [[antidepressant]] that also has antiemetic effects.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*[[Dopamine antagonist]]s act in the brain and are used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with [[neoplastic disease]], radiation sickness, opioids, cytotoxic drugs and general anaesthetics.  Side effects include [[Muscle Spasms]] and [[Psychomotor agitation|Restlessness]]. <ref name="mesotheliomaweb"/>
** [[Domperidone]]
** [[Olanzapine]]
** [[Droperidol]], [[haloperidol]], [[chlorpromazine]], [[promethazine]], [[prochlorperazine]]. Some of these drugs are limited in their usefulness by their [[Extrapyramidal system|extra-pyramidal]] and sedative side-effects.
** [[Metoclopramide]] (Reglan) also acts on the GI tract as a pro-kinetic, and is thus useful in gastrointestinal disease; however, it is poor in cytotoxic or post-op vomiting.
** [[Alizapride]]
** [[Prochlorperazine]] ('''Compazine, Stemzine, Buccastem, Stemetil, Phenotil''')
*[[NK1 receptor antagonist]]
**[[Aprepitant]] ('''Emend''') Commercially available NK1 Receptor antagonist
**[[Casopitant]] Investigational NK1 receptor antagonist
* [[Antihistamine]]s ([[Histamine receptor|H<sub>1</sub> histamine receptor]] antagonists), effective in many conditions, including motion sickness, morning sickness in pregnancy, and to combat [[opioid]] nausea.  
** [[Cyclizine]]
** [[Diphenhydramine]] (Benadryl)
** [[Dimenhydrinate]] (Gravol, Dramamine)
** [[Doxylamine]]
** [[Meclozine]] (Bonine, Antivert)
** [[Promethazine]] (Pentazine, Phenergan, Promacot) Promethazine can be administered via a rectal suppository for adults and children over 2 years of age.
** [[Hydroxyzine]]
*[[Cannabinoid]]s are used in patients with [[cachexia]], cytotoxic nausea, and vomiting, or who are unresponsive to other agents.  These may cause changes in perception, dizziness, and loss of coordination. <ref name="mesotheliomaweb"/>
** [[Medical cannabis|Cannabis]] - Medical marijuana, in the U.S., it is a [[Controlled Substances Act#Schedule I controlled substances|Schedule I]] drug.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
** [[Dronabinol]] (Marinol) - a [[Controlled Substances Act#Schedule III controlled substances|Schedule III]] drug in the U.S.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
** Some [[synthetic cannabinoids]] such as [[Nabilone]] (Cesamet) or the [[JWH cannabinoids|JWH]] series.  
** [[Sativex]] is an oral spray containing THC and CBD.  It is currently legal in Canada and a few countries in Europe but not legal in the U.S.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
* [[Benzodiazepines]]
** [[Midazolam]] given at the onset of anesthesia has been shown in recent trials to be as effective as [[ondansetron]].
{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
** [[Lorazepam]] said to be very good as an adjunct treatment for nausea along with first line medications such as [[Compazine]] or [[Zofran]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}
*[[Anticholinergic]]s
** [[Hyoscine]] (also known as [[scopolamine]])
*[[Steroid]]s
** [[Dexamethasone]] ('''Decadron''') given in low dose at the onset of a general anaesthetic is an effective anti-emetic. The specific mechanism of action is not fully understood.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}
*Other
** [[Trimethobenzamide]]; thought to work on the [[chemoreceptor trigger zone|CTZ]]
** [[Ginger]] - contains 5HT3 antagonists [[gingerols]] and [[shogaols]]. <ref>{{citation |journal= [[Eur J Pharmacol]]. |date= 2006-01-13 |volume= 530 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 136–43 |title= Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. |author= Abdel-Aziz H, Windeck T, Ploch M, Verspohl EJ. |pmid= 16364290 }} Epub 2005 Dec 20</ref>
** [[Emetrol]] also claimed to be an effective antiemetic.
** [[Propofol]] given intravenously. It has been used in an acute care setting in hospital as a rescue therapy for emesis.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
** [[Peppermint]] claimed to help nausea or stomach pain when added into a tea or peppermint candies.
** [[Muscimol]] purported as such. <ref>[http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/5082#section1 Muscimol. Chemical Data Sheet], Database of Hazardous Materials, [[CAMEO chemicals]]</ref>
** [[Ajwain]] purported to be antiemetic. It is a popular spice in [[India]], [[Ethiopia]] and [[Eritrea]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

==References==
{{reflist | 1}}

==See also==
* [[Emetic]]
* [[Hyperemesis gravidarum]]
* [[Chemotherapy]]

{{Major Drug Groups}}
{{Antiemetics and antinauseants}}

[[Category:Antiemetics| ]]