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The '''Library of Congress Classification''' ('''LCC''') is a system of [[library classification]] developed by the [[Library of Congress]].  It is used by most research and academic libraries in the U.S. and several other countries{{Which?|date=January 2010}}. It is not to be confused with the [[Library of Congress Subject Headings]] or [[Library of Congress Control Number]]. Most public libraries and small academic libraries continue to use the [[Dewey Decimal Classification]] (DDC). {{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
The classification was originally developed by [[Herbert Putnam]] in 1897, just  before he assumed the librarianship of Congress. With advice from [[Charles Ammi Cutter]],  it was influenced by [[Cutter Expansive Classification]], and the DDC, and was specially designed for the special purposes of the Library of Congress.  The new system replaced a fixed location system developed by [[Thomas Jefferson]]. By the time of Putnam's departure from his post in 1939, all the classes except K (Law) and parts of B (Philosophy and Religion) were well developed. It has been criticized as lacking a sound theoretical basis; many of the classification decisions were driven by the particular practical needs of that library, rather than [[Epistemology|epistemological]] considerations.  
Although it divides subjects into broad categories, it is essentially [[enumerative]] in nature. It provides a guide to the books actually in the library, not a classification of the world.  
The [[National Library of Medicine classification]] system (NLM) uses the classification scheme's unused letters ''W'' and ''QS''–''QZ''.  Some libraries use NLM in conjunction with LCC, eschewing LCC's R (Medicine).  Others prefer to use the LCC scheme's ''QP''-''QR'' schedules and include Medicine ''R''.
== النظام ==
[[Image:LibraryOfCongressClassification.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|[[Java programming]] books in the QA subclass.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Letter||Subject area
|-
|A||[[Library of Congress Classification:Class A -- General Works|General Works]]
|-
|B||[[Library of Congress Classification:Class B -- Philosophy, Psychology, Religion|Philosophy, Psychology, and Religion]]
|-
|C||[[Library of Congress Classification:Class C -- Auxiliary Sciences of History|Auxiliary Sciences of History]]
|-
|D||[[Library of Congress Classification:Class D -- History, General and Old World|General and Old World History]]
|-
|E||[[Library of Congress Classification:Class E -- History of America|History of America]]
|-
|F||[[Library of Congress Classification:Class F -- Local History of the United States and British, Dutch, French, and Latin America|History of the United States and British, Dutch, French, and Latin America]]
|-
|G||[[Library of Congress Classification:Class G -- Geography. Anthropology. Recreation|Geography, Anthropology, and Recreation]]
|-
|H||[[Library of Congress Classification:Class H -- Social sciences|Social Sciences]]
|-
|J||[[Library of Congress Classification:Class J -- Political science|Political Science]]
|-
|K||[[Library of Congress Classification:Class K -- Law|Law]]
|-
|L||[[Library of Congress Classification:Class L -- Education|Education]]
|-
|M||[[Library of Congress Classification:Class M -- Music|Music]]
|-
|N||[[Library of Congress Classification:Class N -- Fine Arts|Fine Arts]]
|-
|P||[[Library of Congress Classification:Class P -- Language and Literature|Language and Literature]]
|-
|Q||[[Library of Congress Classification:Class Q -- Science|Science]]
|-
|R||[[Library of Congress Classification:Class R -- Medicine|Medicine]]
|-
|S||[[Library of Congress Classification:Class S -- Agriculture|Agriculture]]
|-
|T||[[Library of Congress Classification:Class T -- Technology|Technology]]
|-
|U||[[Library of Congress Classification:Class U -- Military Science|Military Science]]
|-
|V||[[Library of Congress Classification:Class V -- Naval Science|Naval Science]]
|-
|Z||[[Library of Congress Classification:Class Z -- Bibliography. Library Science. Information resources|Bibliography, Library Science, and General Information Resources]]
|}
===Class A - General Works===
{{Main|Library of Congress Classification:Class A -- General Works}}
* Subclass AC - [[Collection]]s. [[Series]]. Collected works
* Subclass AE - [[Encyclopedias]]
* Subclass AG - [[Dictionaries]] and other general [[reference works]]
* Subclass AI - [[Indexes]]
* Subclass AM - [[Museums]]. Collectors and collecting
* Subclass AN - [[Newspapers]]
* Subclass AP - [[Periodicals]]
* Subclass AS - [[Academies]] and [[learned societies]]
* Subclass AY - [[Yearbooks]]. [[Almanacs]]. [[Directories]]
* Subclass AZ - History of [[scholarship]] and [[learning]]. The [[humanities]]
===Class B - Philosophy, Psychology, Religion===
{{Main|Library of Congress Classification:Class B -- Philosophy, Psychology, Religion}}
* Subclass B  - [[Philosophy]] (General)
* Subclass BC - [[Logic]]
* Subclass BD - Speculative philosophy
* Subclass BF - [[Psychology]]
* Subclass BH - [[Aesthetics]]
* Subclass BJ - [[Ethics]]
* Subclass BL - [[Religions]]. [[Mythology]]. [[Rationalism]]
* Subclass BM - [[Judaism]]
* Subclass BP - [[Islam]]. [[Bahaism]]. [[Theosophy]], etc.
* Subclass BQ - [[Buddhism]]
* Subclass BR - [[Christianity]]
* Subclass BS - [[The Bible]]
* Subclass BT - Doctrinal Theology
* Subclass BV - Practical Theology
* Subclass BX - [[Christian Denominations]]
===Class C - Auxiliary Sciences of History (General)===
{{Main|Library of Congress Classification:Class C -- Auxiliary Sciences of History}}
* Subclass CB - History of [[Civilization]]
* Subclass CC - [[Archaeology]]
* Subclass CD - [[Diplomatics]]. [[Archives]]. [[Seals]]
* Subclass CE - Technical Chronology. [[Calendar]]
* Subclass CJ - [[Numismatics]]
* Subclass CN - [[Inscriptions]]. [[Epigraphy]]
* Subclass CR - [[Heraldry]]
* Subclass CS - [[Genealogy]]
* Subclass CT - [[Biography]]
===Class D - World History (except American History)===
{{Main|Library of Congress Classification:Class D -- History, General and Old World}}
* Subclass D - [[History]] (General)
* Subclass DA - [[History of the British Isles|Great Britain]]
* Subclass DAW - [[Central Europe#History of the concept|Central Europe]]
* Subclass DB - [[History of Austria|Austria]] - [[History of Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]] - [[History of Hungary|Hungary]] - [[Czechoslovakia]]
* Subclass DC - [[History of France|France]] - [[History of Andorra|Andorra]] - [[History of Monaco|Monaco]]
* Subclass DD - [[Germany]]
* Subclass DE - [[Greco-Roman World]]
* Subclass DF - [[Greece]]
* Subclass DG - Italy - Malta
* Subclass DH - Low Countries - Benelux Countries
* Subclass DJ - Netherlands (Holland)
* Subclass DJK - Eastern Europe (General)
* Subclass DK - Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics - Poland
* Subclass DL - Northern Europe. [[Scandinavia]]
* Subclass DP - Spain - Portugal
* Subclass DQ - Switzerland
* Subclass DR - [[Balkan Peninsula]]
* Subclass DS - Asia
* Subclass DT - Africa
* Subclass DU - Oceania (South Seas)
* Subclass DX - [[Gypsies]]
===Class E and F - American History===
{{Main|Library of Congress Classification:Class E -- History of America}}
===Class F - Local History of the United States and British, Dutch, French, and Latin America===
{{Main|Library of Congress Classification:Class F -- Local History of the United States and British, Dutch, French, and Latin America}}
 
===Class G - Geography, Anthropology, Recreation===
{{Main|Library of Congress Classification:Class G -- Geography. Anthropology. Recreation}}
* Subclass G - [[Geography]] (General). [[Atlas]]es. [[Maps]]
* Subclass GA - [[Mathematical geography]]. [[Cartography]]
* Subclass GB - [[Physical geography]]
* Subclass GC - [[Oceanography]]
* Subclass GE - [[Environmental Sciences]]
* Subclass GF - [[Human ecology]]. [[Anthropogeography]]
* Subclass GN - [[Anthropology]]
* Subclass GR - [[Folklore]]
* Subclass GT - [[Manners]] and [[customs]] (General)
* Subclass GV - [[Recreation]]. [[Leisure]]
===Class H - Social Sciences===
{{Main|Library of Congress Classification:Class H -- Social sciences}}
* Subclass H - [[Social science]]s (General)
* Subclass HA - [[Statistics]]
* Subclass HB - [[Economic theory]]. [[Demography]]
* Subclass HC - Economic history and conditions
* Subclass HD - [[Industries]]. Land use. [[Labor]]
* Subclass HE - [[Transportation]] and [[communications]]
* Subclass HF - [[Commerce]]
* Subclass HG - [[Finance]]
* Subclass HJ - [[Public finance]]
* Subclass HM - [[Sociology]] (General)
* Subclass HN - [[Social history]] and conditions. [[Social problems]]. [[Social reform]]
* Subclass HQ - The [[family]]. [[Marriage]]. [[Women]]
* Subclass HS - [[Societies]]: [[secret society|secret]], benevolent, etc.
* Subclass HT - [[Communities]]. [[Social class|Classes]]. [[Race]]s
* Subclass HV - Social pathology. Social and [[public welfare]]. [[Criminology]]
* Subclass HX - [[Socialism]]. [[Communism]]. [[Anarchism]]
===Class J - Political Science===
{{Main|Library of Congress Classification:Class J -- Political science}}
* Subclass J - General legislative and executive papers
* Subclass JA - [[Political science]] (General)
* Subclass JC - [[Political theory]]
* Subclass JF - [[Political institution]]s and [[public administration]]
* Subclass JJ - Political institutions and public administration (North America)
* Subclass JK - Political institutions and public administration (United States)
* Subclass JL - Political institutions and public administration (Canada, Latin America, etc.)
* Subclass JN - Political institutions and public administration (Europe)
* Subclass JQ - Political institutions and public administration (Asia, Africa, Australia, Pacific Area, etc.)
* Subclass JS - [[Local government]]. [[Municipal government]]
* Subclass JV - [[Colonies]] and [[colonization]]. [[Emigration]] and [[immigration]]. International migration
* Subclass JX - [[International law]], see JZ and KZ (obsolete)
* Subclass JZ - [[International relations]]
===Class K - Law===
{{Main|Library of Congress Classification:Class K -- Law}}
* Subclass K - [[Law]] in general. Comparative and uniform law. [[Jurisprudence]]
* Subclass KB - [[Religious law]] in general. Comparative religious law. Jurisprudence
* Subclass KBM -[[ Jewish law]]
* Subclass KBP - [[Islamic law]]
* Subclass KBR - History of [[canon law]]
* Subclass KBU - Law of the Roman Catholic Church. The [[Holy See]]  
* Subclasses - KD-KDK United Kingdom and Ireland  
* Subclass KDZ - America. North America
* Subclass KE - Canada
* Subclass KF - United States
* Subclass KG - Latin America - Mexico and Central America - West Indies. Caribbean area
* Subclass KH - South America  
* Subclasses KJ-KKZ - Europe
* Subclasses KL-KWX - Asia and Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Area, and Antarctica
* Subclass KZ - Law of nations
===Class L - Education===
{{Main|Library of Congress Classification:Class L -- Education}}
* Subclass L - [[Education]] (General)  
* Subclass LA - [[History of education]]  
* Subclass LB - [[Education theory|Theory]] and practice of education  
* Subclass LC - Special aspects of education  
* Subclass LD - Individual institutions - United States  
* Subclass LE - Individual institutions - America (except United States)  
* Subclass LF - Individual institutions - Europe  
* Subclass LG - Individual institutions - Asia, Africa, Indian Ocean islands, Australia, New Zealand, Pacific islands
* Subclass LH - College and school magazines and papers
* Subclass LJ - Student [[fraternities]] and [[student society|societies]], United States
* Subclass LT - [[Textbooks]]
===Class M - Music===
{{Main|Library of Congress Classification:Class M -- Music}}
* Subclass M - [[Music]]
* Subclass ML - Literature on music
* Subclass MT - Instruction and study
===Class N - Fine arts===
{{Main|Library of Congress Classification:Class N -- Fine Arts}}
* Subclass N - [[Visual arts]]
* Subclass NA - [[Architecture]]
* Subclass NB - [[Sculpture]]
* Subclass NC - [[Drawing]]. [[Design]]. [[Illustration]]
* Subclass ND - [[Painting]]
* Subclass NE - [[Print media]]
* Subclass NK - [[Decorative arts]]
* Subclass NX - [[Art|Arts in general]]
===Class P - Language and Literature===
{{Main|Library of Congress Classification:Class P -- Language and Literature}}
* Subclass P - [[Philology]]. [[Linguistics]]
* Subclass PA - [[Greek language]] and literature. [[Latin language]] and literature  
* Subclass PB - [[Modern language]]s. [[Celtic language]]s  
* Subclass PC - [[Romanic languages]]  
* Subclass PD - [[Germanic languages]]. [[Scandinavian languages]]  
* Subclass PE - [[English language]]  
* Subclass PF - West Germanic languages  
* Subclass PG - [[Slavic languages]] and literatures. [[Baltic languages]]. [[Albanian language]]  
* Subclass PH - [[Uralic language]]s. [[Basque language]]  
* Subclass PJ - [[Oriental languages]] and literatures  
* Subclass PK - Indo-Iranian languages and literatures  
* Subclass PL - Languages and literatures of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania  
* Subclass PM - [[Hyperborean]], [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Native American]], and [[artificial languages]]  
* Subclass PN - [[Literature]] (General)  
* Subclass PQ - [[French literature]] - [[Italian literature]] - [[Spanish literature]] - [[Portuguese literature]]
* Subclass PR - [[English literature]]
* Subclass PS - [[American literature]]
* Subclass PT - [[German literature]] - [[Dutch literature]] - [[Flemish literature]] since 1830 - [[Afrikaans literature]] -[[Scandinavian literature]] - [[Old Norse literature]]: Old Icelandic and Old Norwegian - Modern [[Icelandic literature]] - [[Faroese literature]] - [[Danish literature]] - [[Norwegian literature]] - [[Swedish literature]]
* Subclass PZ - [[Fiction]] and juvenile belles lettres
===Class Q - Science===
{{Main|Library of Congress Classification:Class Q -- Science}}
* Subclass Q - [[Science]] (General)
* Subclass QA - [[Mathematics]]
* Subclass QB - [[Astronomy]]
* Subclass QC - [[Physics]]
* Subclass QD - [[Chemistry]]
* Subclass QE - [[Geology]]
* Subclass QH - [[Natural history]] - [[Biology]]
* Subclass QK - [[Botany]]
* Subclass QL - [[Zoology]]
* Subclass QM - [[Human anatomy]]
* Subclass QP - [[Physiology]]
* Subclass QR - [[Microbiology]]
=== Class R - Medicine ===
{{Main|Library of Congress Classification:Class R -- Medicine}}
* Subclass R - [[Outline of medicine|Medicine]] (General)
* Subclass RA - Public aspects of medicine
* Subclass RB - Pathology
* Subclass RC - Internal medicine
* Subclass RD - Surgery
* Subclass RE - Ophthalmology
* Subclass RF - Otorhinolaryngology
* Subclass RG - Gynecology and obstetrics
* Subclass RJ - Pediatrics
* Subclass RK - [[Outline of dentistry|Dentistry]]
* Subclass RL - Dermatology
* Subclass RM - Therapeutics. Pharmacology
* Subclass RS - Pharmacy and materia medica
* Subclass RT - Nursing
* Subclass RV - Botanic, Thomsonian, and eclectic medicine
* Subclass RX - Homeopathy
* Subclass RZ - Other systems of medicine
===Class S - Agriculture===
{{Main|Library of Congress Classification:Class S -- Agriculture}}
* Subclass S - [[List of basic agriculture topics|Agriculture]] (General)
* Subclass SB - Plant culture
* Subclass SD - [[Outline of forestry|Forestry]]
* Subclass SF - Animal culture
* Subclass SH - Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling
* Subclass SK - Hunting sports
===Class T - Technology===
{{Main|Library of Congress Classification:Class T -- Technology}}
* Subclass T - [[Outline of technology|Technology]] (General)
* Subclass TA - [[Outline of engineering|Engineering]] (General). Civil engineering
* Subclass TC - Hydraulic engineering. Ocean engineering
* Subclass TD - Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering
* Subclass TE - Highway engineering. Roads and pavements
* Subclass TF - Railroad engineering and operation
* Subclass TG - Bridge engineering
* Subclass TH - [[Outline of construction|Building construction]]
* Subclass TJ - Mechanical engineering and machinery
* Subclass TK - Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering
* Subclass TL - Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics
* Subclass TN - [[Outline of mining|Mining engineering]]. Metallurgy
* Subclass TP - Chemical technology
* Subclass TR - [[Outline of photography|Photography]]
* Subclass TS - Manufactures
* Subclass TT - [[Outline of crafts|Handicrafts]]. Arts and crafts
* Subclass TX - [[Outline of family and consumer science|Home economics]]
===Class U - Military Science===
{{Main|Library of Congress Classification:Class U -- Military Science}}
* Subclass U - [[Outline of military science and technology|Military science]] (General)
* Subclass UA - Armies: Organization, distribution, military situation
* Subclass UB - Military administration
* Subclass UC - Maintenance and transportation
* Subclass UD - Infantry
* Subclass UE - Cavalry. Armor
* Subclass UF - Artillery
* Subclass UG - Military engineering. Air forces
* Subclass UH - Other services
===Class V - Naval Science===
{{Main|Library of Congress Classification:Class V -- Naval Science}}
* Subclass V - Naval science (General)
* Subclass VA - Navies: Organization, distribution, naval situation
* Subclass VB - Naval administration
* Subclass VC - Naval maintenance
* Subclass VD - Naval seamen
* Subclass VE - Marines
* Subclass VF - Naval ordnance
* Subclass VG - Minor services of navies
* Subclass VK - Navigation. Merchant marine
* Subclass VM - Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering
===Class Z - Bibliography, Library Science===
{{Main|Library of Congress Classification:Class Z -- Bibliography. Library Science. Information resources}}
* Subclass Z - Books (General). Writing. Paleography. Book industries and trade. Libraries. Bibliography
* Subclass ZA - Information resources (General)
==See also==
{{wikisource}}
* [[ACM Computing Classification System]]
* [[Brinkler classification]]
* [[Chinese Library Classification]]
* [[Comparison of Dewey and Library of Congress subject classification]]
* [[Harvard-Yenching Classification]]
* [[ISBN]]
* [[Minnie Earl Sears]]: formulated ''Sears Subject Headings'', simplified for use by small libraries.
==References==
* [http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/lcco/ Library of Congress classification outline], loc.gov
==External links==
* [http://www.loc.gov/aba/cataloging/classification/ Library of Congress - classification], loc.gov
* [http://www.loc.gov/cds/ Cataloging Distribution Services] - source of Library of Congress Classification schedules. loc.gov
* [http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/lcco/lcco.html Classification outline], loc.gov
* [http://geography.about.com/library/congress/blhowto.htm How to read LCC call numbers], geography.about.com
* [http://www.zackgrossbart.com/hackito/the-library-problem/ How to use LCC to organize a home library], zackgrossbart.com
* [http://globaljournals.org/global-journals-research-portal/gjportal/library-of-congress-classification/ Easy Navigation and Search for LCC code], globaljournals.org
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[[Category:Knowledge representation]]
[[Category:Library of Congress|Classification]]
[[Category:Library of Congress Classification| ]]
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