عرض مصدر ترياق

الترياق أو الدرياق (Antidote) هي مادة يمكنها أن تعاكس أثر السم. وكلمة الترياق شاملة تتضمن مضاد الذيفانات أو مضادات السموم Antivenom.
== آلية تأثره ==
يمكن للترياق أن يبطل عمل السم وفق واحدة أو أكثر من الآليات التالية:
* التقليل من سمية مادة ما.
*     أن يشكل الترياق رابطة كيميائية مع السم تبطل عمله.
*     أن يحول السم إلى مادة أخرى أقل سمية.
*     أن يحل محل المادة الفعالة في السم (المضادات، أو التثبيط التنافسي Competitive inhibition)
*     أن يسرّع من عملية استقلاب المادة.
*     أن يسرع من عملية اطراح المادة.
 نقل النص الإنكليزي بغرض الترجمة أدناه
{{ترجمة}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2010}}

An '''antidote''' is a substance which can counteract a form of [[poison]]ing.<ref>{{DorlandsDict|one/000006009|antidote}}.</ref> The term ultimately derives from the Greek αντιδιδοναι ''antididonai'', "given against".

The antidotes for some particular [[toxins]] are manufactured by injecting the toxin into an animal in small doses and extracting the resulting [[antibody|antibodies]] from the host animals' blood. This results in an [[antivenom]] that can be used to counteract [[venom (poison)|poison]] produced by certain species of [[snake]]s, [[spider]]s, and other venomous animals. A number of venoms lack a viable antivenom, and a bite or sting from an animal producing such a toxin often results in death.{{Citation needed|reason=are all poisons that don't have antivenoms lethal, this need sources|date=December 2011}} Some animal venoms, especially those produced by [[arthropod]]s (e.g. certain [[spider]]s, [[scorpion]]s, [[bee]]s, etc.) are only potentially lethal when they provoke allergic reactions and induce [[anaphylactic shock]]; as such, there is no "antidote" for these venoms because it is not a form of poisoning and anaphylactic shock can be treated (e.g., by the use of [[epinephrine]]).

Some other toxins have no known antidote. For example, the poison [[aconitine]], a highly poisonous [[alkaloid]] derived from various [[aconitum|aconite species]] has no antidote, and as a result is often fatal if it enters the human body in sufficient quantities.

==Mechanical approaches==
Ingested poisons are frequently treated by the oral administration of [[activated charcoal]], which [[adsorption|adsorb]]s the poison and flushes it from the digestive tract, thereby removing a large part of the toxin. 
Poisons which are injected into the body (such as those from bites or stings from venomous animals) are usually treated by the use of a constriction band which limits the flow of lymph and/or blood to the area, thus slowing circulation of the poison around the body.  This should not be confused with use of a [[tourniquet]] which cuts off blood flow completely - often leading to the loss of the limb.

==List of antidotes==
{| class="wikitable" class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Agent
! Indication
|- 
 |  [[Activated charcoal]] with sorbital 
 |  used for many oral toxins
|- 
 |  [[Adenosine]] 
 |  [[Theophylline]] antidote for [[adenosine]] poisoning
|-
 |  [[Atropine]] 
 |  [[organophosphate]] and [[carbamate]] insecticides, [[nerve agent]]s, some [[mushrooms]] 
|- 
 |  [[Beta blocker]] 
 |  [[theophylline]]
|- 
 |  [[Calcium chloride]] 
 | [[calcium channel blocker]]s, [[black widow spider]] bites
|- 
 |  [[Calcium gluconate]] 
 | [[hydrofluoric acid]]
|- 
 |  [[Chelator]]s such as [[EDTA]], [[dimercaprol]] (BAL), [[penicillamine]], and 2,3-[[dimercaptosuccinic acid]] (DMSA, succimer) 
 |  [[Heavy metals|heavy metal]] poisoning 
|- 
 |  [[Cyanide]] antidote ([[amyl nitrite]], [[sodium nitrite]], or [[thiosulfate]]) 
 | [[cyanide poisoning]]
|- 
 |  [[Cyproheptadine]] 
 | [[serotonin syndrome]]
|- 
 |  [[Deferoxamine]] mesylate 
 |  [[Iron]] poisoning 
|- 
 |  [[Digoxin Immune Fab]] antibody (Digibind and Digifab) 
 |  [[digoxin]] poisoning 
|- 
 |  [[Diphenhydramine hydrochloride]] and [[benztropine mesylate]] 
 |  [[Extrapyramidal symptoms|Extrapyramidal]] reactions associated with [[antipsychotic]]
|- 
 |  [[Ethanol]] or [[fomepizole]] 
 |  [[ethylene glycol]] poisoning and [[methanol]] poisoning
|- 
 |  [[Flumazenil]] 
 |  [[benzodiazepine]] poisoning
|- 
 |  [[Glucagon]] 
 |  [[beta blocker]] poisoning and [[calcium channel blocker]] poisoning
|- 
 |  100% [[oxygen]] or [[hyperbaric oxygen therapy]] (HBOT) 
 |  [[carbon monoxide]] poisoning and [[cyanide]] poisoning
|- 
 |  [[Insulin]] 
 |  [[beta blocker]] poisoning and [[calcium channel blocker]] poisoning
|- 
 |  [[Leucovorin]] 
 |  [[methotrexate]] and [[trimethoprim]]
|- 
 |  [[Methylene blue]] 
 |  treatment of conditions that cause [[methemoglobinemia]] 
|- 
 |  [[Naloxone hydrochloride]] 
 |  [[opioid]] poisoning
|- 
 |  [[N-acetylcysteine]] 
 |  [[Paracetamol toxicity|Paracetamol]] (acetaminophen) poisoning
|- 
 |  [[Octreotide]] 
 |  oral [[hypoglycemic]] agents 
|- 
 |  [[Pralidoxime chloride]] (2-PAM) 
 | [[organophosphate]] insecticides, followed after atropine
|- 
 |  [[Protamine sulfate]] 
 |  [[Heparin]] poisoning 
|- 
 |  [[Prussian blue]] 
 |  [[Thallium poisoning]]
|- 
 |  [[Physostigmine]] sulfate 
 |  [[anticholinergic]] poisoning
|- 
 |  [[Pyridoxine]] 
 |  [[Isoniazid]] poisoning, ethylene glycol
|- 
 |  [[Phytomenadione]] (vitamin K) and [[fresh frozen plasma]] 
 |  [[warfarin]] poisoning and [[indanedione]]
|- 
 |  [[Sodium bicarbonate]] 
 |  [[Aspirin|ASA]], [[Tricyclic antidepressant|TCAs]] with a wide QRS
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
{{Wiktionary}}
* [[Snakebite (bite)|Snakebite]]
* [[Tourniquet]]
* [[Universal antidote]]

{{Major drug groups}}
{{Antidotes}}
{{Toxicology}}

== مصادر ==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Antidotes قالب ترياق من ويكيبيديا]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Toxicology قالب علم السموم Toxicology من ويكيبيديا]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidote  ترياق Antidote وكيبيديا الإنكليزية]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Antidotes مجموعة مقالات الترياق على ويكبييديا الإنكليزية]
* [http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%82 صفحة ترياق / ويكيبديا العربية]

[[Category:Antidotes| ]]
[[تصنيف:موسوعة الأدوية]]