عرض مصدر مستخدم:إدارة الموسوعة/Science


'''[[Science]]''' in the broadest sense refers to any system of [[Objectivity (science)|objective]] knowledge. In a more restricted sense, science refers  to a system of acquiring knowledge based on the [[scientific method]], as well as to the organized body of [[knowledge]] humans have gained by such [[research]].  
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to science:
==Essence of science==
: ''Main article: [[Science]]''
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* [[Inquiry]]
* [[Objectivity (science)|Objectivity]]
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* [[Research]]
* [[Scientific method]]
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* [[Scientist]]
* [[Scientometry]]
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==Scientific fields==
Fields of science are widely-recognized categories of specialized expertise within [[science]], and typically embody their own [[terminology]] and [[nomenclature]]. Each field will commonly be represented by one or more [[scientific journal]], where [[peer reviewed]] research will be published.  
=== Natural sciences ===
{{Main|Natural science}}  &nbsp; See also: [[#Social sciences|Social sciences, below]]''
{{Natural sciences-footer|state=plain}}
==== Physical Sciences ====
{{main|Physical Science}}
===== Chemistry =====
{{main|Chemistry|Outline of chemistry}}
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* [[Analytical chemistry]]
* [[Biochemistry]]
* [[Computational chemistry]]
* [[Electrochemistry]]
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* [[Geochemistry]]
* [[Inorganic chemistry]]
* [[Materials science]]
* [[Medicinal chemistry]]
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* [[Organic chemistry]]
* [[Polymer chemistry]]
* [[Physical chemistry]]
* [[Quantum chemistry]]
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* [[Spectroscopy]]
* [[Stereochemistry]]
* [[Thermochemistry]]
* [[Thermodynamics]]
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===== Physics =====
{{main|Physics|Outline of physics}}
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* [[Acoustics]]
* [[Agrophysics]]
* [[Atomic, Molecular, and Optical physics|Atomic, Molecular, and<BR > Optical physics]]
* [[Biophysics]]
* [[Computational physics]]
* [[Condensed matter physics]]
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* [[Cryogenics]]
* [[dynamics (mechanics)|Dynamics]]
* [[Electromagnetism|Electricity & Magnetism]]
* [[Electronics]]
* [[Fluid dynamics]]
* [[Geophysics]]
* [[Materials physics]]
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* [[Mathematical physics]]
* [[Mechanics]]
* [[Nuclear physics]]
* [[Optics]]
* [[Particle physics|Particle/High Energy physics]]
* [[Plasma physics]]
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* [[Polymer physics]]
* [[Quantum physics]]
* [[Statics]]
* [[Solid state physics|Solid State]]
* [[Thermodynamics]]
* [[Vehicle dynamics]]
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===== Astronomy =====
{{main|Astronomy|Outline of astronomy}}
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* [[Astrobiology]]
* [[Astrochemistry]]
* [[Astrodynamics]]
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* [[Astrometry]]
* [[Astrophysics]]
* [[Cosmochemistry]]
* [[Cosmology]]
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* [[Extragalactic astronomy]]
* [[Galactic astronomy]]
* [[Physical cosmology]]
* [[Planetary geology]]
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* [[Planetary science]]
* [[Sun|Solar astronomy]]
* [[Astronomy#Stellar astronomy|Stellar astronomy]]
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===== Earth sciences =====
{{main|Earth sciences|Outline of earth science}}
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* [[Atmospheric sciences]]
* [[Biogeography]]
* [[Cartography]]
* [[Climatology]]
* [[Coastal geography]]
* [[Geodesy]]
* [[Geography]]
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* [[Geoinformatics]]
* [[Geology]]
* [[Geomorphology]]
* [[Geostatistics]]
* [[Geophysics]]
* [[Glaciology]]
* [[Hydrology]]
* [[Hydrogeology]]
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* [[Mineralogy]]
* [[Meteorology]]
* [[Oceanography]]
* [[Paleoclimatology]]
* [[Paleontology]]
* [[Petrology]]
* [[Limnology]]
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* [[Seismology]]
* [[Soil science]]
* [[Topography]]
* [[Volcanology]]
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===== Environmental sciences =====
{{main|Environmental sciences}}
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*[[Ecology]]
** [[Freshwater biology]]
** [[Marine biology]]
** [[Parasitology]]
** [[Population dynamics]]
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*[[Environmental chemistry]]
*[[Environmental soil science]]
*[[Environmental geology]]
*[[Toxicology]]
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==== Life Sciences (Biology) ====
{{main|Biology|Outline of biology}}
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* [[Anatomy]]
* [[Astrobiology]]
* [[Bioinformatics]]
* [[Biophysics]]
* [[Botany]]
** [[Bryology]]
** [[Mycology]]
*** [[Lichenology]]
** [[Palynology]]
** [[Phycology]] (Algology)
* [[Cell biology]] (Cytology)
* [[Chronobiology]]
*[[Conservation biology]]
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* [[Developmental biology]]
** [[Embryology]]
** [[Gerontology]]
* [[Epidemiology]]
*[[Ecology]]
* [[Evolution]]  
** [[Evolutionary biology]]
** [[Evolutionary developmental biology]]  
** [[Paleobiology]]
*** [[Paleontology]]
* [[Genetics]]
** [[Genomics]]
** [[Proteomics]]
** [[Population genetics]]
* [[Microbiology]] (incl. Bacteriology)
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* [[Molecular biology]]
** [[Structural biology]]
* [[Morphology (biology)|Morphology]]
* [[Physiology]]
** [[Immunology]]
** [[Kinesiology]]
** [[Neuroscience]]
** [[Histology]]
* [[Systematics]]
** [[Cladistics]]
** [[Phylogeny]]
** [[Taxonomy]]
* [[Virology]]
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* [[Zoology]]
** [[Arachnology]]
*** [[Acarology]]
** [[Entomology]]
*** [[Myrmecology]]
** [[Ethology]]
** [[Helminthology]]
** [[Herpetology]]
** [[Ichthyology]]
** [[Malacology]]
** [[Mammalogy]]
*** [[Cetology]]
*** [[Physical anthropology]]
** [[Nematology]]
** [[Ornithology]]
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=== Cognitive sciences ===
{{Main|Cognitive Science}}
=== Formal sciences ===
{{Main|Formal science}}
==== Computer sciences ====
{{main|Computer science}}
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* [[Theory of computation]]
** [[Automata theory]] ([[Formal languages]])
** [[Computability theory (computer science)|Computability theory]]
** [[Computational complexity theory]]
** [[Concurrency (computer science)#Theory|Concurrency theory]]
* [[Algorithms]]
** [[Randomized algorithms]]
** [[Distributed algorithms]]
** [[Parallel algorithms]]
* [[Data structures]]
* [[Computer architecture]]
** [[Very-large-scale integration|VLSI design]]
* [[Operating systems]]
* [[Computer networking|Computer communications (networks)]]
** [[Information theory]]
** [[Internet]], [[World wide web]]
** [[Wireless computing]] ([[Mobile computing]])
* [[Computer security]] and [[High availability|reliability]]
** [[Cryptography]]
** [[Fault-tolerant system|Fault-tolerant computing]]
* [[Distributed computing]]
** [[Grid computing]]
* [[Parallel computing]]
** [[High-performance computing]]
* [[Quantum computing]]
* [[Computer graphics]]
** [[Image processing]]
** [[Scientific visualization]]
** [[Computational geometry]]
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* [[Software engineering]]
** [[Formal methods]] ([[Formal verification]])
* [[Programming languages]]
** [[Programming paradigms]]
*** [[Object-oriented programming]]
*** [[Functional programming]]
** [[Program semantics]]
** [[Type theory]]
** [[Compilers]]
** [[Concurrent computing#Concurrent programming languages|Concurrent programming languages]]
* [[Information science]]
** [[Database]]
*** [[Relational database]]
*** [[Distributed database]]
*** [[Object database]]
** [[Multimedia]], [[hypermedia]]
** [[Data mining]]
** [[Information retrieval]]
* [[Artificial intelligence]]
** [[Automated reasoning]]
** [[Computer vision]]
** [[Machine learning]]
*** [[Artificial neural network]]
** [[Natural language processing]] ([[Computational linguistics]])
** [[Expert systems]]
** [[Robotics]]
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* [[Human-computer interaction]]
* Computing in [[Mathematics]], [[Natural sciences]], [[Engineering]] and [[Medicine]]
** [[Numerical analysis]]
** [[Symbolic computation|Algebraic (symbolic) computation]]
** [[Computational number theory]]
** [[Computational mathematics]]
** [[Scientific computing|Scientific computing (Computational science)]]
** [[Computational biology|Computational biology (bioinformatics)]]
** [[Computational physics]]
** [[Computational chemistry]]
** [[Computational neuroscience]]
** [[Computer-aided engineering]]
*** [[Finite element analysis]]
*** [[Computational fluid dynamics]]
* Computing in [[Social sciences]], [[Arts]] and [[Humanities]], [[Professions]]
** [[Computational economics]]
** [[Computational sociology]]
** [[Computational finance]]
** [[Digital Humanities|Humanities computing (Digital Humanities)]]
* [[Information systems]] ([[Business informatics]])
** [[Information technology]]
** [[Management information systems]]
** [[Health informatics]]
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See also [[Outline of computer science#Branches|Branches of Computer Science]] and ACM [http://www.acm.org/class/ Computing Classification System]
==== Mathematics ====
{{main|Mathematics|Outline of mathematics}}
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*[[Algebra]]
** [[Group theory]]
*** [[Group representation]]
** [[Ring theory]]
** [[Field theory (mathematics)|Field theory]]
** [[Linear algebra]] ([[Vector space]])
** [[Multilinear algebra]]
** [[Lie algebra]]
** [[Associative algebra]]
** [[Non-associative algebra]]
** [[Universal algebra]]
** [[Homological algebra]]
** [[Category theory]]
** [[Lattice theory]] ([[Order theory]])
** [[Differential algebra]]
*[[Mathematical analysis|Analysis]]
**[[Real analysis]]
***[[Calculus]]
**[[Complex analysis]]
**[[Functional analysis]]
*** [[Operator theory]]
**[[Non-standard analysis]]
**[[Harmonic analysis]]
**[[p-adic analysis]]
**[[Ordinary differential equations]]
**[[Partial differential equations]]
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*[[Probability theory]]
**[[Measure theory]]
**[[Ergodic theory]]
**[[Stochastic process]]
*[[Geometry]] and [[Topology]]
**[[General topology]]
**[[Algebraic topology]]
**[[Geometric topology]]
**[[Differential topology]]
**[[Algebraic geometry]]
**[[Differential geometry]]
**[[Projective geometry]]
**[[Affine geometry]]
**[[Non-Euclidean geometry]]
**[[Convex geometry]]
**[[Discrete geometry]]
*[[Trigonometry]]
*[[Number theory]]
**[[Analytic number theory]]
**[[Algebraic number theory]]
**[[Geometric number theory]]
*[[Mathematical logic|Logic]] and [[Foundations of mathematics]]
**[[Set theory]]
**[[Proof theory]]
**[[Model theory]]
**[[Recursion theory]]
**[[Modal logic]]
**[[Intuitionistic logic]]
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*[[Applied mathematics]]
<!-- **[[Statistics]] -->
**[[Mathematical statistics]]
***[[Probability]]
<!-- ***[[Econometrics]]
***[[Actuarial science]]
***[[Demography]] -->
**[[Approximation theory]]
**[[Numerical analysis]]
**[[Optimization (mathematics)|Optimization (Mathematical programming)]]
***[[Operations research]]
***[[Linear programming]]
**[[Dynamical systems]]
***[[Chaos theory]]
***[[Fractal geometry]]
**[[Mathematical physics]]
***[[Quantum field theory]]
***[[Statistical mechanics]]
**[[Information theory]]
**[[Cryptography]]
**[[Combinatorics]]
***[[Coding theory]]
**[[Graph theory]]
**[[Game theory]]
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See also [[list of mathematics lists#Fields of mathematics|Branches of Mathematics]] and  AMS [http://www.ams.org/msc/ Mathematics Subject Classification]''

==== Statistics ====
{{main|Statistics|Outline of statistics}}
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* [[Computational statistics]]
**[[Data mining]]
**[[Regression analysis|Regression]]
**[[Simulation]]
***[[Bootstrap (statistics)]]
* [[Design of experiments]]
**[[Block design]] and [[Analysis of variance]]
**[[Response surface methodology]]
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* [[Statistical model]]ling
** [[Biostatistics]]
*** [[Epidemiology]]
**[[Multivariate analysis]]
*** [[Structural equation model]]  
***[[Time series]]  
** [[Reliability theory]]
** [[Quality control]]
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* [[Statistical theory]]
**[[Decision theory]]
**[[Mathematical statistics]]
***[[Probability]]
* [[Survey Sampling|Sample Survey]]
**[[Statistics|Sampling theory]]
<!-- **[[Official statistics]] -->
**[[Survey (statistics)|Survey methodology]]
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==== Systems science ====
{{main|Systems science}}
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<!-- * [[Chaos theory]] -->
* [[Complex systems]]
* [[Complex systems|Complexity theory]]
* [[Cybernetics]]
** [[Biocybernetics]]
** [[Engineering cybernetics]]
** [[Management cybernetics]]
** [[Medical cybernetics]]  
** [[New Cybernetics]]  
** [[Second-order cybernetics]]
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* [[Control theory]]
** [[Control engineering]]
** [[Control systems]]
** [[Dynamical systems]]
* [[Operations research]]
* [[Systems dynamics]]
** [[Systems analysis]]
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* [[Systems theory]]
** [[Developmental systems theory]]
** [[General systems theory]]
** [[LTI system theory|Linear time-invariant systems]]
** [[Mathematical system theory]]
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=== Social sciences ===
{{Main|Social sciences}}  &nbsp; See also: [[#Natural sciences|Natural sciences, above]]''
{{Social sciences-footer|state=plain}}
==== Anthropology ====
{{main|Anthropology|Outline of anthropology}}
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* [[Anthropology of religion]]
* [[Applied anthropology]]
* [[Archaeology]]
* [[Cultural anthropology]]
* [[Ethnobiology]]
* [[Ethnography]]
* [[Ethnology]]
* [[Ethnopoetics]]
* [[Evolutionary anthropology]]
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* [[Experimental archaeology]]
* [[Historical archaeology]]
* [[Linguistic anthropology]]
* [[Medical anthropology]]
* [[Physical anthropology]]
* [[Psychological anthropology]]
* [[Zooarchaeology]]
* [[Anthrozoology]]
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==== Economics ====
{{main|Economics|Outline of economics}}
{{col-begin}}
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* [[Macroeconomics]]
* [[Microeconomics]]
* [[Behavioural economics]]
* [[Bioeconomics]]
* [[Comparative economics]]
** [[Socialist economics]]
* [[Development economics]]
<!-- * [[Econometrics]] -->
* [[Economic geography]]
* [[Economic history]]
* [[Economic sociology]]
* [[Energy economics]]
* [[Entrepreneurial Economics]]
* [[Environmental economics]]
* [[Evolutionary economics]]
* [[Financial economics]]
* [[Heterodox economics]]
** [[Green economics]]
** [[Feminist economics]]
** [[Islamic economics]]  
* [[Industrial organization]]
* [[International economics]]
* [[Institutional economics]]
* [[Labor economics]]
* [[Law and Economics]]
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* [[Managerial economics]]
* [[Monetary economics]]
* [[Neuroeconomics]]
* [[Public finance]]
* [[Public economics]]
* [[Real estate economics]]
* [[Resource economics]]
* [[Welfare economics]]
* [[Political economy]]
* [[Socioeconomics]]
* [[Transport economics]]
* [[Economic methodology]]
** [[Computational economics]]
** [[Econometrics]]
*** [[Mathematical economics]]
*** [[Economic statistics]]
**** [[Time series]]
** [[Experimental economics]]  
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==== Linguistics ====
{{main|Linguistics|Outline of linguistics}}
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*[[Anthropological Linguistics]]
*[[Applied Linguistics]]
*[[Biolinguistics]]
*[[Clinical Linguistics]] and [[Speech and Language Pathology]]
*[[Cognitive Linguistics]]
*[[Comparative Linguistics]]
*[[Computational Linguistics]]
*[[Developmental linguistics|Developmental Linguistics]] and [[Language Acquisition]]
*[[Dialectology]] and [[Dialectometry]]
*[[Discourse Analysis]]
*[[Etymology]]
*[[Evolutionary linguistics|Evolutionary Linguistics]]
*[[Forensic Linguistics]]
*[[Geolinguistics]]
*[[Historical Linguistics]]
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*[[Lexis (linguistics)|Lexis]]
*[[Linguistic Typology]]
*[[Morphology (linguistics)|Morphology]]
*[[Neurolinguistics]]
*[[Philology]]
*[[Phonetics]]
*[[Phonology]]
*[[Phraseology]]
*[[Pragmatics]]
*[[Psycholinguistics]]
*[[Sociolinguistics]]
*[[Stylistics (linguistics)|Stylistics]]
*[[Syntax]]
*[[Semantics]]
*[[Writing|Writing Systems]] and [[Orthography]]
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==== Psychology ====
{{main|Psychology|Outline of psychology}}
See also [[Subfields of psychology]]
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* [[Behavior analysis]]
* [[Biopsychology]]
* [[Cognitive psychology]]
* [[Clinical psychology]]
* [[Cultural psychology]]
* [[Developmental psychology]]
* [[Educational psychology]]
* [[Evolutionary psychology]]
* [[Experimental psychology]]
* [[Forensic psychology]]
* [[Health psychology]]
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* [[Humanistic psychology]]
* [[Industrial and organizational psychology]]
* [[Music therapy]]
* [[Neuropsychology]]
* [[Personality psychology]]
* [[Psychometrics]]
* [[Psychology of religion]]
* [[Psychophysics]]
* [[Sensation and perception psychology]]
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==== Geography ====
{{main|Geography|Outline of geography}}
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* [[Cartography]]
* [[Human geography]]
** [[Critical geography]]
** [[Cultural geography]]
** [[Feminist geography]]
** [[Economic geography]]
** [[Development geography]]
** [[Historical geography]]
** [[Time geography]]
** [[Political geography]] & [[geopolitics]]
** [[Marxist geography]]
** [[Military geography]]
** [[Strategic geography]]
** [[Population geography]]
** [[Social geography]]
** [[Behavioral geography]]
** [[Children's geographies]]
** [[Health geography]]
** [[Tourism geography]]
** [[Urban geography]]
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* [[Environmental geography]]
* [[Physical geography]]
** [[Biogeography]]
** [[Climatology]]
** [[Palaeoclimatology]]
** [[Coastal geography]]
** [[Geomorphology]]
** [[Geodesy]]
** [[Hydrology]]/[[Hydrography]]  
** [[Glaciology]]  
** [[Limnology]]  
** [[Oceanography]]
** [[Pedology (soil study)|Pedology]]
** [[Landscape ecology]]  
** [[Palaeogeography]]
* [[Regional geography]]
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==== Philosophy ====
{{main|Philosophy|Outline of philosophy}}
Not considered a science by some thinkers,{{who|date=July 2010}} instead considered a precursor of it. Several fields of philosophy are more directly relevant to the natural and social sciences than others. These include:  
* [[Epistemology]]
* [[Ethics]]
* [[Logic]]
* [[Philosophy of mind]]
* [[Philosophy of science]]
==== Political science ====
{{main|Political science|Outline of political science}}
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* [[Comparative politics]]
* [[Game theory]]
* [[Geopolitics]] and [[political geography]]
* [[Ideology]]
* [[Political economy]]
* [[Political psychology]], bureaucratic, administrative and judicial behaviour
* [[Psephology]] ([[voting systems]] and electoral behaviour)
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* [[Public administration]]
** [[Public policy]]
** [[Local government]] studies* [[Supranational]] and [[intergovernmentalism|intergovernmental]] politics
*  Political science of religion
* [[International relations theory]]
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==== Sociology ====
{{main|Sociology|Outline of sociology}}
See also [[Subfields of sociology]]
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* [[Criminology]]
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* [[Demography]]
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===Applied sciences===
{{main|Applied sciences}}
==== Agronomy ====
{{main|Agronomy}}
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{{col-break}}
* [[Animal husbandry]]
* [[Aquaculture]]
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* [[Agriculture]]
* [[Food science]]
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* [[Forestry]]
* [[Horticulture]]
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* [[Hydroponics]]
* [[Permaculture]]
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{{col-end}}
==== Architecture ====
{{main|Architecure|Outline of architecture}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Architectural engineering]]
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* [[Architecture]]
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* [[Building science]]
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{{col-end}}
==== Education ====
{{main|Education|Outline of education}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-end}}
====[[Engineering]]====
{{main|Engineering|Outline of engineering}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Aeronautical engineering]]
* [[Aerospace engineering]]
* [[Agricultural engineering]]
* [[Agricultural science]]
* [[Biomedical engineering]]
* [[Bioengineering]]
* [[Chemical engineering]]
* [[Civil engineering]]
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* [[Computer engineering]]
* [[Control engineering]]
* [[Electrical engineering]]
* [[Industrial engineering]]
* [[Language engineering]]
* [[Marine engineering]]
* [[Materials engineering]]
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* [[Mechanical engineering]]
* [[Mining engineering]]
* [[Nuclear engineering]]
* [[Polymer science|Polymer engineering]]
* [[Software engineering]]
* [[Systems engineering]]
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==== Health sciences ====
{{main|Health science|Outline of health science}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Conservation medicine]]
* [[Dentistry]]
* [[Optometry]]
* [[Medicine]]
** [[Anatomy]]
** [[Dermatology]]
** [[Gastroenterology]]
** [[Gynecology]]
** [[Immunology]]
** [[Internal medicine]]
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** [[Neurology]]
** [[Ophthalmology]]
** [[Pathology]]
** [[Pathophysiology]]
** [[Pediatrics]]
** [[Pharmacy]]  
** [[Physiology]]
** [[Psychiatry]]
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** [[Radiology]]
** [[Toxicology]]
** [[Urology]]
* [[Nutrition]]
* [[Nursing]]
* [[Pharmacology]]
* [[Physical therapy]]
* [[Veterinary medicine]]
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==== Management ====
{{main|Management|Outline of business management}}
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*[[Accounting]]
*[[Business Strategy]]
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*[[Finance]]
*[[Marketing]]
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*[[Organizational Behavior]]
*[[Business operations|Operations]]
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{{col-end}}
==== Military sciences ====
{{main|Military science|Outline of military science and technology}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Military organisation|Military Organization]]
* [[Recruit training|Military Education and Training]]
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* [[Military history|Military History]]
* [[Military technology and equipment|Military Engineering]]
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* [[Military strategy|Military Strategy and Tactics]]
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==== Spatial Science ====
{{main|Spatial science}}
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* [[GIS]]
* [[Remote Sensing]]
* [[Photogrammetry]]
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{{col-end}}
==History of science==
: ''Main article: [[History of science]]''
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{{col-2}}
* [[History of science|History of science in general]]
** [[History of scientific method]]
** [[Theories and sociology of the history of science|Theories/sociology of science]]
** [[Historiography of science|Historiography]]
** [[History of pseudoscience]]  
* By era
** [[History of science in early cultures]]
** [[History of science in Classical Antiquity]]
** [[History of science in the Middle Ages]]
** [[History of science in the Renaissance]]
** [[Scientific revolution]]
* [[History of natural science]]
** [[Natural philosophy]]
** [[History of biology]]
*** [[Natural history]]
*** [[History of ecology]]
*** [[History of molecular biology]]
** [[History of science and technology|History of physical science]]
*** [[History of Earth|History of nature]]
*** [[History of astronomy]], [[Timeline of astronomy|Timeline]]
*** [[History of chemistry]]
*** [[History of earth science]]
*** [[History of geography]]
*** [[History of geology]], [[Timeline of geology|Timeline]]
*** [[History of meteorology]], [[Timeline of meteorology|Timeline]]
*** [[History of physics]]
{{col-2}}
* [[History of the social sciences]]
** [[History of science and technology]]
** [[History of scientific method]]
** [[History of society]]
** [[History of archaeology]], [[Timeline of archaeology|Timeline]]
** [[History of business]]
** [[History of cognitive science]]
** [[History of community]]
** [[History of criminal justice]]
** [[History of critical theory]]
** [[History of economics]]
** [[History of education]]
** [[History of finance]]
** [[History of law]]
** [[History of linguistics]]
** [[History of management]]
** [[History of marketing]]
** [[History of parapsychology]]
** [[History of political science]]
** [[History of psychology]], [[Timeline of psychology|Timeline]]
** [[History of public affairs]]
** [[History of sociology]], [[Timeline of sociology|Timeline]]
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: ''See also: [[Outline of technology#History of technology|Outline of technology:: History of technology]]
==Famous scientists==
: ''Main list: [[Lists of scientists]]''
* [[Aristotle]]
* [[Archimedes]]
* [[Vesalius|Andreas Vesalius]]
* [[Nicolaus Copernicus]]
* [[Galileo Galilei]]
* [[Johannes Kepler]]
* [[René Descartes]]
* [[Isaac Newton]]
* [[Leonhard Euler]]
* [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]]
* [[Alexander von Humboldt]]
* [[Charles Darwin]]
* [[James Clerk Maxwell]]
* [[Marie Curie]]
* [[Albert Einstein]]
* [[Linus Pauling]]
* [[John Bardeen]]
* [[Frederick Sanger]]
* [[Stephen Hawking]]
==See also==
{{Portal|Science}}
*[[Sci-Mate]]
*[[Science Daily]]
*[[Science.tv]]
*[[Self Service Science Forum]]
{{Outline footer}}
[[Category:Outlines|Science]]
[[Category:Science]]
[[Category:Science-related lists| ]]